Respiratory System

Question 0

cilia in the bronchioles

Answer 0

ensure airway remains clear; bronchiole diameter is altered by smooth muscle contraction

Question 1

mucous

Answer 1

protects the respiratory epithelium

Question 2

bronchodilation

Answer 2

relaxes the smooth muscle and widens the bronchioles allowing improved airflow

Question 3

ANS (controls bronchiolar smooth muscle): sympathetic

Answer 3

beta 2 adrenergic receptors cause relaxation

Question 4

ANS (controls bronchiolar smooth muscle): parasympathetic

Answer 4

muscarinic receptors cause constriction

Question 5

types of respiratory medication

Answer 5

antihistamines; nasal decongestants; antittussives; mucolitics; bronchodilators; prophylactic respiratory agents

Question 6

antihistamines

Answer 6

H1 receptor antagonists; prevent or treat symptoms associated with allergy conditions

Question 7

allergic response

Answer 7

allergen causes release of antibodies that cause histamine release from basophils and mast cells

Question 8

nonallergic response

Answer 8

tissue is damaged (e.g. virus invades respiratory tract and causes nasal and respiratory cell injury) causing histamine release

Question 9

histamine: action

Answer 9

if histamine binds with H1 receptors, a variety of inflammatory responses occur: dilation of arterioles > increased blood supply to tissues > area red and fluid leaks into interstitial fluid; swelling prevents microorganisms and allergens from travelling to other tissues

Question 10

histamine: adverse effects

Answer 10

viral URTI (upper respiratory tract infection) symptoms result of swelling initiated by histamine; can cause bronchial constriction, wheezing, and dyspnea (especially in severe allergic reactions - anaphylaxis); histamine causes the itching and pain at the site of insect bite or contact inflammation sites

Question 11

antihistamine

Answer 11

block the action of histamine at the H1 receptor sites; symptomatic relief; used as an adjunct in severe allergic reaction

Question 12

antihistamines: first generation

Answer 12

can cross blood brain barrier and cause sedation; usually have a 6 hour duration of action; promethazine HCI [Phenergan]

Question 13

antihistamines: second generation

Answer 13

less sedating: longer duration of action 12-24 hours; preferred treatment for hayfever; cetirizine HCI [Zyrtec], fexofenadine [Telfast], loratidine [Claratyne]

Question 14

antihistamines: contraindications

Answer 14

pregnancy unless benefits outweigh risks to fetus; nursing mothers as it inhibits lactation and secreted in breast milk; can cause CNS depression in children and elderly; tolerance may develop when used for long periods of time; not to be taken with other CNS depressants (e.g. ETOH)

Question 15

decongestants

Answer 15

nasal decongestants (glucocorticoids, sympathomimetics, and anticholinergics); relieve congestion in the nasal passage and Eustachian tubes caused by allergies, colds, rhinitis, and sinusitis

Question 16

types of decongestants

Answer 16

intranasal corticosteroids; sympathomimetics; anticholinergics

Question 17

combination medications

Answer 17

cold and allergy medications contain several drugs to relieve multiple symptoms; medications may contain an antittussive, antihistamic, expectorant, analgesic, and/or decongestant; most common OTC medication; subject to misuse and overuse

Question 18

antittussives (cough suppressants)

Answer 18

decrease the frequency of involuntary cough

Question 19

expectorants

Answer 19

decrease the viscosity of sputum, stimulate mucus, and facilitate movement of sputum (expectoration)

Question 20

mucolytics

Answer 20

ease expectoration by breaking down the mucus which aids sputum movement

Question 21

surfactants

Answer 21

reduce surface tension in the air sacs and ensure lungs do not collapse on expiration