Autonomic Nervous System

Question 0

autonomic system

Answer 0

involuntary system that controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and gland function

Question 1

somatic system

Answer 1

voluntary control (i.e. skeletal muscles)

Question 2

ANS branches (x2): sympathetic

Answer 2

mobilises body during extreme situtations

Question 3

ANS branches (x2): parasympathetic

Answer 3

allows the body to unwind and conserve energy

Question 4

neurotransmitter

Answer 4

allows an impulse to pass across the gap or synapse from the neuron to the effector cell receptor

Question 5

ANS neurotransmitters (x2): noradrenaline

Answer 5

binds to adrenergic receptors

Question 6

ANS neurotransmitters (x2): acetylcholine (ACh)

Answer 6

binds to choline rigid receptors

Question 7

sympathetic (adrenergic)

Answer 7

‘flight or fight’ system; stressed either physically or emotionally; suppresses non-vital bodily functions; promotes self-preservation; adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta receptors)

Question 8

alpha 1 receptors

Answer 8

smooth muscle; peripheral blood vessels; urinary sphincter

Question 9

alpha 2 receptors

Answer 9

‘controllers’ of neurotransmitter release; stimulation reduces the release of neurotransmitters

Question 10

beta 1 receptors

Answer 10

located primarily in cardiac muscle and fatty tissue; stimulation increases heart rate and force of contraction

Question 11

beta 2 receptors

Answer 11

located primarily in the bronchial smooth muscle; stimulation results in bronchodilation

Question 12

adrenergic stimulation (‘flight or fight’)

Answer 12

allows the body to increase the rate and force of contraction of the heart; increase the ability of the respiratory tract to function; shunt blood to the major organs of the body; increase the formation of energy sources in the body

Question 13

sympathomimetic medications

Answer 13

stimulate the sympathetic nervous system

Question 14

sympatholytic medications

Answer 14

decrease the sympathetic response

Question 15

agonist

Answer 15

medication capable of binding to receptors to initiate medication actions

Question 16

antagonist

Answer 16

agent that blocks receptors stopping normal response

Question 17

adrenergic agonists

Answer 17

mimic the action of the sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters noradrenaline, adrenaline, and dopamine; these are called catecholamines

Question 18

adrenergic agonists (alpha 1 receptors)

Answer 18

located primarily in smooth muscle tissue of the peripheral blood vessels; when stimulated (either by a neurotransmitter or medication), the smooth muscle contracts; increases blood pressure constriction

Question 19

adrenergic agonists (beta 2 agonists)

Answer 19

produce bronchodilation when stimulated by adrenergic agents; known as bronchodilators; used in the treatment of asthma (e.g. salbutamol)

Question 20

adrenergic agonists: geriatric considerations

Answer 20

more sensitive to the effects of adrenergic agonist medications; need close monitoring for excessive cardiac and CNS stimulation

Question 21

sympatholytic medications

Answer 21

block or inhibit the responses of adrenergic neurotransmitters at alpha and beta receptor sites

Question 22

alpha adrenergic blockers (alpha blockers)

Answer 22

inhibit the response at alpha receptors

Question 23

beta adrenergic blockers (beta blockers)

Answer 23

compete with noradrenaline at available beta receptor sites

Question 24

alpha blockers

Answer 24

cause vasodilation which decreases blood pressure; used to treat migraine headaches, hypertension, and peripheral vascular disease; prazosin [Minipress]

Question 25

beta blockers

Answer 25

block the receptor sites in the heart; decreased pulse rate during both rest and exercise; lower BP and cause bronchoconstriction; treat hypertension, cardiac dysrhythmias, and angina

Question 26

cholinergic pharmacology

Answer 26

medications that act on receptors that the neurotransmitter ACh binds to; ACh receptors are nicotine (sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic) and muscarinic (parasympathetic)

Question 27

parasympathetic medications

Answer 27

parasympathetic action is generally directed at conserving energy, digestion, and elimination; major uses of muscarinic cholinergics are for diseases of the eyes, GI, and urinary systems

Question 28

parasympathetic medications (anticholinergics)

Answer 28

act by blocking muscarinic receptors in the PNS; cause relaxation of smooth muscle in the bronchi resulting in bronchodilation; effective in the treatment of asthma and COPD; used for treatment of incontinence by increasing constriction of urinary sphincter; used for Parkinson’s by decreasing muscle rigidity and tremors

Question 29

anticholinergics: side effects

Answer 29

blurred vision; dry mouth; constipation; urinary retention; tachycardia