Respiratory System (23) Flashcards
Which structures belong to the upper respiratory system?
NOSE, NASAL CAVITY, & PHARYNX
Which structures belong to the lower respiratory system?
LARYNX, TRACHEA, BRONCI, BRONCHIOLES, ALVEOLAR DUCTS, ALVEOLI
Name the paranasal sinuses.
MAXILLARY, FRONTAL, ETHMOIDAL, & SPHENOIDAL SINUSES
Where are the auditory tubules found?
CONNECTING THE MIDDLE EAR TO NASOPHARYNX
PHARYNX:
PASSAGEWAY FOR AIR & FOOD; CONNECTS POSTERIOR NASAL CAVITY TO ESOPHAGUS & LARYNX (COMPOSED OF NASO-, ORO-, & LARYNGOPHARYNX)
LARYNX:
PASSAGEWAY FOR AIR; VOICE BOX.
TRACHEA:
AIR CONDUCTION TUBE; CONNECTS LARYNX TO BRONCHI IN LUNGS
Describe the epiglottis.
FLAP OF ELASTIC CARTILAGE BEHIND TONGUE, IN FRONT OF ENTRANCE TO THE LARYNX. FUNCTIONS: COVERING OPENING OF LARYNX DURING SWALLOWING TO PREVENT FOOD IN AIRWAY; ALLOWING AIR TO PASS INTO LARYNX; CONTROLS VOLUME IN SPEAKING
BRONCHOCONSTRICTION:
LUMEN IS CLOSED; sympatheric nervous stimulation
BRONCHODILATION:
LUMEN IS OPEN; parasympathetic nervous stimulation
VISCERAL PLEURA:
MEMBRANE THAT TOUCHES LUNG.
PARIETAL PLEURA:
MEMBRANE THAT TOUCHES BODY WALL
Inspiration _____ the volume in the thoracic cavity, which _____ the pressure in the lungs.
increases; decreases
Expiration _____ the volume in the thoracic cavity, which _____ the pressure in the lungs.
decreases; increases
How many lobes does each lung have?
LEFT: 2 (SUPERIOR & INFERIOR). RIGHT: 3 (SUPERIOR, MIDDLE, & INFERIOR)
Muscles used for quiet breathing:
DIAPHRAGM & EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
TIDAL VOL. (TV):
AMOUNT OF AIR BREATHED IN/OUT EACH BREATH DURING QUIET BREATHING; 500mL
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOL. (IRV):
AMOUNT OF AIR INHALED DURING FORCED INSPIRATION, FOLLOWING A QUIET INSPIRATION; MEASURE OF LUNG COMPLIANCE; 3100 mL
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOL. (ERV):
AMOUNT OF AIR EXHALED DURING FORCED EXPIRATION, FOLLOWING A QUIET EXPIRATION; MEASURE OF LUNG & CHEST WALL ELASTICITY; 1200 mL
RESIDUAL VOL. (RV):
AMOUNT OF AIR LEFT IN LUNGS FOLLOWING FORCED EXPIRATION; 1200 mL
What are the 3 cell types in the alveoli?
ALVEOLAR TYPE I & II, ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES
ALVEOLAR TYPE I:
95% OF ALVEOLAR SURFACE; SIMPLE SQUAMOUS; MAKE UP ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM.
ALVEOLAR TYPE II:
CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL; SECRETE OIL CALLED PULMONARY SURFACTANT; PREVENT COLLAPSE OF ALVEOLI
ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES:
LEUKOCYTE; CAN BE FIXED OR FREE; PHAGOCYTIC TO MATERIAL IN ALVEOLI
What are some factors that increase resistance, which decreases airflow?
CHANGE IN BRONCHIOLE DIAMETER, SIZE OF AIR PASSAGEWAY, & CHANGE IN COMPLIANCE
Partial pressure differences for both oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli vs pulmonary caps.:
Alveoli has higher O2 (104 mmHg) and lower CO2 (40 mmHg), and will exchange w/pulmonary caps. which have less O2 (40 mmHg) and more CO2 (45 mmHg).
Partial pressure differences for both oxygen and carbon dioxide in systemic cells vs systemic caps.:
Systemic cells have less O2 (40 mmHg) and more CO2 (45 mmHg), and will exchange w/systemic caps. which have more O2 (95 mmHg) and less CO2 (40 mmHg).
What is the epithelium type?
CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
What other cell is found within this epithelium and what does this cell secrete?
MUCIN FROM GOBLET CELLS
What epithelium type is found in the alveoli?
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
