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Anatomy II > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Which system works WITH the respiratory system?

A

Cardiovascular

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2
Q

How do the two systems (Cardio and Respiratory) work together?

A
  • supply the body with o2

- removes carbon dioxide

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3
Q

What is the respiratory system involved with?

A

gas exchange

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4
Q

Why does the respiratory system lead to death if it fails?

A
  • body isn’t receiving O2

- buildup of waste products (CO2 buildup leads to decreased pH)

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5
Q

What are some things that the respiratory system includes?

A

smell receptors, voice production, and heat removal

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6
Q

What is included in the upper structural anatomy of the respiratory system?

A
  • nose

- pharynx (throat)

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7
Q

What is in. in the lower structural anatomy of the res. system?

A
  • larynx (voice box)
    • thyroid cartilage
    • cricoid cartilage
  • Trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
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8
Q

Where is the Adam’s Apple?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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9
Q

Where is the landmark for a tracheostomy?

A

Cricoid cartilage

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10
Q

What does conducting mean?

A

moving air

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11
Q

What is included in the functional conducting anatomy of the res. system?

A
  • nose
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • terminal bronchioloes
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12
Q

What does respiratory mean?

A

gas exchange between air and blood

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13
Q

What is included in the respiratory anatomy?

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • -alveolar ducts
  • alveoli
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14
Q

What is the function of the hyoid bone?

A

anchors tongue muscles

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15
Q

What is the trachea?`

A
  • series of C shaped cartilage (hyaline)

- ciliated pseudostratified clumnar epithelial cells

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16
Q

What is the purpsose of the ciliated pseudostratified clumnar epithelial cells?

A
  • sweep out particles

- they are paralyzed by smoking

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17
Q

Where do the bronci divide?

A

at the sternal angle

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18
Q

What do they (the bronchi) divide into? How many times do they devide?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, and THEN they divide into bronchioles. 25 times

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19
Q

Which portion of gas exchange between air and blood is involved in the respiratory system?

A

only the alveoli are involved in gas exchange

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20
Q

What are the smallest motor units in the respiratory part of the body?

A

Voice production

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21
Q

What are vocal chords?

A

folds of mucous membrane

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22
Q

What is directed at the vocal chords during speech?

A

air

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23
Q

What does voice pitch depend on?

A

how close together the vocal chords are that’s why women and children have a higher pitch

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24
Q

Does whispering require the use of your vocal chords

A

no

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25
Q

In the bronchioles the epithelium changes from what to what?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar to cliliated simple columnar epithelium

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26
Q

in the large bronchioles it changes from what and where does this take place and why?

A

non-ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium in the terminal bronchioles because it is REALLY thin

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27
Q

Terminal bronchioles divide into _______ which subdivide into what?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts

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28
Q

As the respiratory bronchioles keep subdividing and getting smaller, the epithelial tissues change from _______ to _______

A

simple cuboidal, simple squamous

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29
Q

What is the pattern of divisions in the airways sometimes called?

A

bronchiole tree

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30
Q

How many times does the bronchiole tree divide?

A

25

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31
Q

The further the airways extend into the lungs there is less _________ in their walls, and more ________

A

cartilage, smooth muscle

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32
Q

Why is there less cartilage and more smooth muscle the further the airways extend into the lungs?

A

the smooth muscle is easier to control and allows flight or fight response to take place.

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33
Q

What are the steps to an asthma attack?

A
  • bronchiole smooth muscle contracts what causes constriction
  • less supporting cartilage the trachea
  • spasms can close off airways
  • epinephrine is used as asthma drug
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34
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

it is a flap that keeps food and liquids from going down the larynx (breathing tube)

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35
Q

What does the hyoid bone do?

A

anchors tongue muscles

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36
Q

What kind of cartilage does the trachea have?

A

series of C shaped cartilage (hyaline)

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37
Q

What is the purpose of the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells in the trachea?

A
  • sweep out particles

- the cilia are paralyzed by smoking

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38
Q

What are the two sets of membranes that cover and protect the lungs?

A

parietal pleura, visceral pleura

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39
Q

Where is the parietal pleura?

A

next to the thoracic wall

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40
Q

where is the visceral pleura?

A

next to the lungs

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41
Q

What kind of membrane protects the lungs?

A

serous membrane of thoracic cavity= pleural membrane

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42
Q

What lung has the space in it that allows the heart to fit in?

A

left lung

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43
Q

What is the space called in the lung that fits the heart in it?

A

caridac notch

44
Q

What do both lungs have?

A

lobes and fissures

45
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

46
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

47
Q

What does each lung receive?

A

one primary bronchus

48
Q

What does each lobe contain in the lungs?

A

lung lobules

49
Q

What does each lobules contain?

A

terminal bronchiole and its associated alveoli

50
Q

What is surfactant?

A

a liquid (phospholipids and lipoprotein) that lowers surface tension in alveoli

51
Q

What are some things that surfactant does?

A
  • prevents collapse of the lungs

- allows elastic fibers in alveolar wall to hold alveoli open

52
Q

Where is the site of gas exchange?

A

alveolar- capillary membrane

53
Q

What is the total surface area of an alveoli?

A

750 sq ft

54
Q

What is the measurement of the alveolar wall?

A

.5 micrometers

55
Q

Why is the wall of the alveoli so thin?

A

So that diffusion can happen quickly

56
Q

Blood supply to lungs travels via the…?

A

pulmonary circuit

57
Q

The pulmonary trunk divides into what?

A

left and right pulmonary arteries

58
Q

oxygenated blood returns to the heart via what?

A

R & L pulmonary veins

59
Q

what is hypoxia?

A

deficency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissue

60
Q

What effect does hypoxia have in the pulmonary tissues as compared to everywhere else?

A

opposite effect

61
Q

poorly oxygenated areas have reduced _______

A

blood supply

62
Q

arterioles to hypoxic areas in the lungs _______ where everywhere else they would

A

vasoconstrict, vasodilate

63
Q

Physiology of respiration includes what?

A
  • pulmonary ventilation
  • eternal respiration (at the level of the lungs)
  • internal respiration (in fluids)
64
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

process by which gasses are moved in and out of lungs (inspiration and expiration)

65
Q

How is inspiration achieved?

A

by changes of air pressure

66
Q

When does air go into your lungs?

A

when your pressure gradient is low. (air moves high to low, air goes to you when you have low pressure)

67
Q

Is inspiration an active or inactive process?

A

active

68
Q

What happens before inspiration?

A
  • air pressure inside lung = ambient air pressure (760 mmHg)
  • diaphragm and intercostals are relaxed
  • pressure inside the lungs is reduced
    - this is achieved by increasing volume in lung
69
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

volume of gas in container and pressure in container are inversely related

70
Q

What is the word for normal, quiet breathing?

A

eupnea

71
Q

what is the word for shallow breathing?

A

costal breathing

72
Q

What is the word for deeper breathing?

A

diaphragmatic breathing

73
Q

Labored inhalation uses what muscles?

A

accessory muscles of breathing

74
Q

What muscle is being used when the sternum is elevated during respiration?

A

sternocleidomastoid

75
Q

What muscle elevates the 3rd-5th ribs?

A

pectoralis minor

76
Q

When is expiration passive?

A

during eupnea

77
Q

When is expiration active?

A
  • labored breathing ie. during exersise

- blockage of airways

78
Q

What muscles does active expiration use?

A

intercostals and abdominal

79
Q

What does the muscles involved with active expiration do??

A
  • reduce volume in thoracic cavity
  • increase pressure inside alveoli
  • air moves along pressure graident
80
Q

What is Atelectasis?

A

collapsed lung

81
Q

What happens when your lung collapses?

A
  • alveoli collapse onto themselves
  • sometimes it is a surfactant problem
  • can be due to intrapleural pressure being too high
82
Q

What is a reason for intrapleural pressure being too high?

A

can be due to a hole in the lungs or thoracic wall.

83
Q

what is compliance?

A

-ease of expanding lungs

84
Q

What is high compliance, and is it good or bad?

A

-easy expansion and this is good!

85
Q

What is compliance related to?

A

elasticity and surface tension

86
Q

How is compliance reduced?

A

it is reduced by conditions that destroy lung tissue

87
Q

Exchange of gases in the lungs is all about what?

A

diffusion

88
Q

What is dalton’s law?

A

each gas in a mixture exerts its own partial pressure as if the other gasses were not present.

89
Q

How is partial pressure of gas determined?

A

-by multiplying the percent of that gas by air pressure
-ex: Po2 = 21% X 760mmHg=160mmHg
(this means that 760mmHg of the total air pressure, 160mmHG of that pressure is due to O2)

90
Q

How does O2 diffuse?

A

it diffuses along its gradient as if the other gasses aren’t in the mix

91
Q

how much of air is oxygen?>

A

21%

92
Q

how much of air is carbon dioxide?

A

.04%

93
Q

What is the disease that in. asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema? (like the garbage can because it contains a lot of diseases)

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

94
Q

What is the name for a chronic inflammatory disorder?

A

asthma

95
Q

What are the effects of asthma?

A
  • produces episodic narrowing of the airways

- airways are hyperactive relative to stimuli that trigger asthma attack

96
Q

What is asthma treated with, and what does this drug do?

A

epinephrine

-it signals the b receptors to open airways

97
Q

What is bronchitis

A

-inflammation of the bronchii

98
Q

what does bronchitis cause?

A
  • hypertrophy and hyperplasia of glands and goblet cells

- lots of mucus

99
Q

What is a cause of bronchitis?

A

smoking

100
Q

What is emphysema

A
  • alveolar walls are destroyed
  • large air spaces
  • air trapped in lungs
101
Q

what is the key symptom of emphysema?

A

reduced forced exhalation

-also causes barral chest, and increased neck muscles because you have been struggling to breath

102
Q

what is pneumonia?

A

infection or inflammation of the alveoli

103
Q

What happens when you have TB?

A
  • bacteria destory’s the lungs
  • replaced with fibrous connective tissue
  • contagious, especially amongst immune compromised populations
104
Q

Why is TB so dangerous?

A
  • because TB bacteria can live outside the body for a long time (days)
  • it is also chronic because you can walk around with is for a long time
105
Q

What are some possible reasons pulmonary edema?

A
  • may be due to congestive heart failure (in. capillary pressure in the lungs)
  • may also be due to in. permeability of capillaries in the lungs

Anatomy II (2 decks)

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