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Anatomy II > Lymphatic System and Immunity > Flashcards

Lymphatic System and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the Lymphatic System

A
  • draining interstitial (tissue) fluid
  • returning plasma proteins etc to blood about 3L per day
  • transporting dietary fats (in. fat soluble vitamins)
  • immune response (either cell mediated or antibody (humoral) mediated response)
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2
Q

What is Lymphatic fluid similar to?

A

interstitial fluid

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3
Q

How does Lymphatic circulation occur?

A

via skeletal pump and one way valves a la venous system

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4
Q

What is Lymphatic tissue?

A

reticular connective tissue with many lymphocytes

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5
Q

What are the types of lymphatic tissue?

A
  • Diffuse (unencapsulated)
  • Nodules
  • lymphatic organs
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6
Q

What are examples of diffuse (unencapsulated) tissue?

A

lamina propria of mucous membranes and most organs

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7
Q

What are some characteristics of nodules?

A
  • discrete, small, unencapsulated
  • sometimes solitary or in aggregations (tonsils)
  • found in clusters in GI tract, urinary tracts, airways
  • found in cortex of lymph nodes
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8
Q

What are the lymphatic organs?

A
  • lymph nodes
  • tonsils
  • spleen
  • thymus gland
  • bone marrow
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9
Q

What are the functions of lymph nodes?

A
  1. filtering potentially harmful particles from lymph before returning it to the blood stream.
  2. monitoring fluids immune surveillance provided by lymphocytes and macrophages
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10
Q

What are characteristics of lymph nodes?

A
  • encapsulated, 1-2.5 mm long
  • efferent vessels in hilus, several afferent vessels on other side.
  • has a cortex and a medulla
  • structural units called nodules (follicles)
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11
Q

Where do the blood vessels enter and leave in the lymph nodes?

A

at the hilus

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12
Q

What do the nodules in the outer cortex contain?

A

B cells (primary nodules) or B cells macrophages and follicular dendritic cells, which activate B cells. (secondary follicles)

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13
Q

What do B lymphocytes do during an immune response?

A

proliferate and change into plasma and memory B cells inside follicles

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14
Q

What does the inner cortex contain?

A

dendritic cells which present antigens to T cells which will migrate elsewhere toward antigenic activity

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15
Q

What is the difference between efferent and afferent?

A

afferent–goes in

efferent–goes out

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16
Q

Which way does the lymph flow?

A

one way, efferent and afferent vessels

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17
Q

How is lymph filtered?

A
  • it is filtered by node, and it flows through lymph sinuses
  • particles are trapped by reticular fibers
  • destroyed by macrophages and lymphocytes
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18
Q

Tonsils

A
  • aggregations of lymph nodules
  • embedded in mucous membrane
  • protect against foreign substances inhaled or swallowed
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19
Q

What are Peyers Patches?

A

Clumps of nodules in distal part of the small intestine

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20
Q

what can lymphocytes and other immune systems do if necessary?

A

they can attack bacteria etc from GI tract

21
Q

What is the largest lymphatic organ?

A

Spleen

22
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

between the fundus of stomach and diaphragm

23
Q

What is the spleen a site of?

A

B cell proliferation into plasma cells

24
Q

What are some functions of the spleen?

A
  • phagocytosis of bacteria, worn out RBC’s and platelets
  • stores blood and platelets
  • prenatal blood cell formation
  • very permeable capillaries
25
Q

What is the spleen similar to?

A

lymph nodes, but sinuses are filled with blood, and not lymph fluid

26
Q

What is White pulp?

A

masses of lymphocytes and macrophages

-they have immune functions

27
Q

what is red pulp?

A

lymphocyte, macrophages, red blood cells

damaged red blood cells removed, platelets stored, prenatal hemopoiesis

28
Q

Where is the thymus glad located?

A

medial and superior to lungs

29
Q

What do T cells migrate from and where do they mature?

A

they migrate from the bone marrow

they mature in the thymus

30
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

They aid T cells’ maturation

31
Q

What does they thymus gland do?

A

produces thymic hormones and aiding in T Cell maturation

32
Q

What is the difference in the size of the thymus in a child vs. an adult?

A
  • Large in infant
  • maximum size age 12
  • very little left in elderly, but still functional
33
Q

What are the pathologies of the lymphatic system?

A

lymphangitis and lymphedema

34
Q

what is lymphangitis?

A

lymph vessel inflammation, red streaks origination from infected area. May lead to septicemia, death

35
Q

what is lymphedema?

A

edema due to blockage of lymphatic drainage, common after surgery, especially mastectomy

36
Q

The immune system includes what?

A
  • nonspecific resistance to disease (resistance, innate defense)
  • specific resistance to disease (immunity, adaptive defense.
37
Q

When are non-specific resistances to pathogens present?

A

at birth

38
Q

What do non-specific pathogens protect against?

A

many types of pathogens, they don’t adapt according to the type of pathogens

39
Q

What is the outer defense?

A

skin and mucous membranes

40
Q

What are the mechanical (physical) forms of protection?

A

skin and mucous membranes ie:

  • mucous, saliva, hairs, tears (these trap bacteria etc.)
  • urine flow, defication and vomiting
41
Q

What are some chemical forms of protection?

A
  • sebrum, low PH from fatty acids
  • perspiration contains lysozyme (enzyme)
  • gastric juices, vaginal secretions (low PH and enzymes)
42
Q

What are the internal defenses?

A

antimicrobial proteins ie:

-interferons, complement proteins, transferrins

43
Q

What are interferons?

A
  • Produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with virus
  • bind on receptors of nearby cells
  • target cell is induced to synthesize antiviral chemicals (prevent viral replication)
44
Q

What are compliment proteins?

A

-proteins in the blood that are activated to enhance immune, allergic, and inflammatory reactions.

45
Q

What do complement proteins cause?

A

cytolysis of microbes, increase phagocytosis, contributes to inflammation

46
Q

Name an important complement protein and its function.

A

C3, activates other complement proteins

47
Q

How is c3 activated?

A

by the formation of the antigen-antibody complexes, or by the antigens directly.

48
Q

What are functions of C3

A
  • activation of inflammation
  • aids in immune adherence (binds to microbe so phagocyte can recognize it as a foreign body)
  • aids in cytolysis (attack of microbial membrane- causes the microbe to rupture)

Anatomy II (2 decks)

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