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2020 MHS Physio Unit 1 > respiratory system - 2/2 > Flashcards

respiratory system - 2/2 Flashcards

1
Q

which portion of the respiratory tract participates directly with gas exchange?

  1. distinguish between pulmonary lobule and pulmonary acinus
A

respiratory portion

  1. pulmonary lobule - associated regions that supply to that region
    1. terminal bronchiole
    2. respiratory bronchioles
    3. alveolar ducts
    4. alveolar sacs
    5. alveoli
  2. pulmonary acinus - (physiologists)portion supplied to respratory bronchiole
    1. respiratory bronchiole
    2. alveolar duct
    3. alveolar sac
    4. alveoli
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2
Q

define the lung parenchyma

A

the structure of the lungs outside of the circulation system, but is innvolved in gas transfer: alvoli and respiratory bronchioles.

consists of elastic CT

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3
Q

where does COPD occur?

  1. what is affected, and important to these structures?
  2. loss of the above mentioned structure leads to… and ultimatly creating __ ____ or ___
A

COPD occurs in bronchioles and lung parenchyma. irreversible

  1. elastic fibers are an important component of bronchioles and lung parenchyma
    1. loss of elasticity and breakdown of elastic fibers gives rise to emphysema.
  2. as a result adjacent alveoli become confluent creating large air spaces or blebs.
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4
Q
  1. structurally differentiate between the respiratory bronchiole and the terminal bronchiole.
  2. epithelium
A
  1. structurally similar EXCEPT:
    1. respiratory bronchiole have presence of few alveoli, becoming more numerous during distal travel
    2. bundles of smooth muscle bulge into the lumen of respiratory bronchioles
  2. epithelium
    1. no goblet cells
    2. small number of clara/club cells
    3. large number of ciliated cuboidal cells
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5
Q

differentiate between the following terms

  1. alveolar duct
  2. alveolar sac
  3. alveolus
A
  1. alveolar duct
    1. a tube with alveoli completely making up its wall
  2. alveolar sac
    1. grouping or clump of alveoli that communicate with one another
  3. alveolus
    1. where the gas exchange between air and blood takes place
    2. 200microns in diameter
    3. 200 millino in each lung
    4. 75m^2 surface area for gas exchange
    5. appear from respiratory bronchiole ->alveolar ducts and sacs
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6
Q

describe the alvelous histology

  1. cell population
  2. capillaries
A
  1. cells
    1. type 1 alveolar cells (type 1 pneumocytes)=alveolar endothelial cell
      1. 90% of alveolar surface
      2. simple squamous cells with basal lamina that connects to endothelial lamina propria
      3. functional unit of diffusion
    2. type 2 alveolar cells (type 2 pneumocytes)=greater alveolar cells
      1. covering 10% of alvewolar surface
    3. trivial amount of MO(dust cells), fibroblasts and mast cells
  2. capillaries
    1. one capillary per alveolus
    2. lined by continuous endothelial cells juxtaposed to Type 1 alveolar cells through ta dual basal lamina (endothlial-type 1)
    3. ACE
      1. convert angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2(vasoconstrictor)
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7
Q

type 1 pneumocytes

  1. other names
  2. cytoplasm contains ___
    1. two functions
  3. connection
A
  1. type 1 alveolar cells
  2. thin rim of cytoplasm contains many pinocytotic vesicles
    1. removal of small contaminant
    2. turn over of surfactant
  3. connected by tight junctions
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8
Q

type 2 pneumocytes

  1. other name
  2. cell shape, apical feature
  3. organelle abundance
  4. ultrastructural feature
  5. surfactant components
  6. function of sectretion
  7. secondary function, outside of secretion
A
  1. greater alveolar cells
  2. cuboidal cells, domed apical surface
  3. secretory cells
    1. abundance of RER and Golgi apparatus
  4. lamellar bodies
    1. ultrastructural feature: membrane bound vesicles contain a series of layered lamellae coposed of pulmonary surfactant
  5. surfactant = 85%phospholipids 15%proteins
  6. reduces force needed to inflate lungs during inspiration
  7. participate in regeneration
    1. can divide and regenerate type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes
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9
Q

what happens to babies born too early?

A

surfactant is not developed correctly and infants are at risk for nenatal respiratory distress disease.

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10
Q

what lies between each alveolus?

  1. structure
  2. function
  3. what connects alveolus
A

interalveolar septum

  1. struture
    1. mainly elastic and reticular fibers
    2. scattered fibroblasts
    3. scant ECM
  2. function
    1. permit contraction and expansion of alveolar wall -during inspiration
  3. alveolar pores of Kohn
    1. penetrate interalveolar septa and connect neighboring alveoli
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11
Q

what is the name of the layers involved in CO2/O2 exchange?

  1. other name
  2. components
    1. three
A

blood-air barrier

  1. respiratory membrane
  2. components
    1. alveolar epithelial cells
    2. basement membrane
      1. fusion of epithelilal cells basal lamina** and the **endothelial cell basal lamina
    3. capillary enothelial cells
  3. O2 in alveolar air must diffuse across these layers to reach blood and CO2 from the RBCs must diffuse the other way.
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12
Q

alveolar macrophages

  1. other name
  2. location
    1. two
  3. function
A
  1. dust cells
  2. location
    1. connective tissue of alveolar septum
    2. alveoli
  3. function
    1. phagocytose erythrocytes from damaged capillaries
    2. phagocytose particles: inhaled dust, pollen
    3. gradually passed up the alveolar tree in mucus until they are elimnated-coughing/swallowing
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13
Q

differentiate the two blood supplies of the lungs

A
  1. arterial branches follw the bronchial tree until the level of respiratory bronchioles
    1. here they form continuous capillaries
  2. oxygenated blood enters the pulmonary veins, which eventually lead to exit the hilum and carry oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart
  3. bronchial arteries enter the lung hilum, along the bronchial tree, dist blood to level respiratory bronchioles and the njoin the capillary network (pulmonary artery), drained by pulmonary veunules.
  4. venules are found single in the lung parenchyma. After small pulmonary veins leave a lobule they follow the bronchial tree towards the hilum.
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14
Q

pleura

  1. cell type
  2. layers
A
  1. mesothelium - simple squamous epithelium
    1. fine layer of underlying CT containing collagen and elastic fibers
  2. layers
    1. visceral pleura
    2. plural cavity - filled with serous fluid
      1. reduces friction during inhalation
    3. parietal pleura
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15
Q

which bronchioles have alveoli in their walls?

A

respriatory bronchioles

  1. have alveoli in their walls and branch ro form alveolar ducts and terminate in alveolar sacs
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16
Q

describe lung vasculature

A

dual circulation

  1. pulmonary circulation supplies deoxygenated blood
  2. bronchial circulation perfuses lung tissue with oxygenated blood from systemic circulation
17
Q

what seperates visceral and parietal layers?

A

potential space

18
Q

Bronchi

define the following

  1. epithelium
  2. muscle/skeletal support
  3. other features and major funcitons
A
  1. respiratory
  2. prominent spiral bands of smooth muscle; irregular hyaline cartilage plates
  3. repeated branching; conduct air deeper into lungs
19
Q

bronchioles

define the following

  1. epithelium
  2. muscle/skeletal support
  3. other features and major funcitons
A
  1. simple ciliated cuboidal to columnar, with exocrine club cells
  2. prominent circular layer of smooth muscle; no cartilage
  3. conduct air; important in bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation
20
Q

terminal bronchioles

define the following

  1. epithelium
  2. muscle/skeletal support
  3. other features and major funcitons
A
  1. simple cuboidal, ciliated cells and club cells
  2. thin, incomplete circular layer of smooth muscle; no cartilage
  3. conduct air to respiratory portions of lungs; exocrine club cells with several protective and surfactant fucntions
21
Q

respiratory bronchioles

define the following

  1. epithelium
  2. muscle/skeletal support
  3. other features and major funcitons
A
  1. simple cuboid, ciliated cells and club cells, with scattered alveoli
  2. fewer smooth muscle fibers, mostly around alveolar openings
  3. conduct air deeper, with some gas exchange, and protective and surfactant function of club cells
22
Q

alveolar ducts and sacs

define the following

  1. epithelium
  2. muscle/skeletal support
  3. other features and major funcitons
A
  1. simple cuboidal between many alveoli
  2. bands of smooth muscle around alveolar openings
  3. conduct air, with much gas exchange
23
Q

alveoli

define the following

  1. epithelium
  2. muscle/skeletal support
  3. other features and major funcitons
A
  1. types 1 and 2 alveolar cells (pneumocytes)
  2. no muscle, BUT have a network of elastic and reticular fibers
  3. sites of all gas exchange; surfactant from type 2 pneumocytes; dust cells
24
Q

generate a concept map of the respiratory system

A

2020 MHS Physio Unit 1 (8 decks)

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