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Mammalian Physiology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

alveolar surface tension

A

The surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli in the lungs; see surface tension

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2
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

The volume of air exchanged between the atmosphere and alveoli per minute; equals (tidal volume minus dead space volume) times respiratory rate

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3
Q

alveoli

A

The air sacs across which O2 and CO2 are exchanged between the blood and air in the lungs

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4
Q

aortic valve

A

A one-way valve that permits the flow of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta during ventricular emptying but prevents the backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation

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5
Q

asthma

A

An obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by profound constriction of the smaller airways caused by allergy-induced spasm of the smooth muscle in the walls of these airways

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6
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

The pressure exerted by the weight of the air in the atmosphere on objects on EarthUs surface; equals 760 mm Hg at sea level

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7
Q

BoyleUs law (boils)

A

At any constant temperature, the pressure exerted by a gas varies inversely with the volume of the gas

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8
Q

bronchioles

A

The small, branching airways within the lungs

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9
Q

bronchoconstriction

A

Narrowing of the respiratory airways

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10
Q

bronchodilation

A

Widening of the respiratory airways

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11
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H2O into carbonic acid, H2CO3

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12
Q

central chemoreceptors

A

Receptors located in the medulla near the respiratory center that respond to changes in ECF H concentration resulting from changes in arterial PCO2 and adjust respiration accordingly

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13
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

A group of lung diseases characterized by increased airway resistance resulting from narrowing of the lumen of the lower airways; includes asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema

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14
Q

compliance

A

The distensibility of a hollow, elastic structure, such as a blood vessel or the lungs; a measure of how easily the structure can be stretched

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15
Q

diaphragm

A

A dome-shaped sheet of skeletal muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity; the major inspiratory muscle

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16
Q

elastic recoil

A

Rebound of the lungs after having been stretched

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17
Q

emphysema

A

A pulmonary disease characterized by collapse of the smaller airways and a breakdown of alveolar walls

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18
Q

esophagus

A

A straight muscular tube that extends between the pharynx and stomach

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19
Q

expiration

A

a breath out

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20
Q

expiratory muscles

A

The skeletal muscles whose contraction reduces the size of the thoracic cavity and allows the lungs to recoil to a smaller size, bringing about movement of air from the lungs to the atmosphere

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21
Q

external intercostal muscles

A

Inspiratory muscles whose contraction elevates the ribs, thereby enlarging the thoracic cavity

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22
Q

hyperventilation

A

Overbreathing; when the rate of ventilation is in excess of the bodyUs metabolic needs for CO2 removal

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23
Q

hypoxia

A

Insufficient O2 at the cellular level

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24
Q

inspiration

A

A breath in

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25
Q

inspiratory muscles

A

The skeletal muscles whose contraction enlarges the thoracic cavity, bringing about lung expansion and movement of air into the lungs from the atmosphere

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26
Q

intercostal muscles

A

The muscles that lie between the ribs; see also external intercostal muscles and internal intercostal muscles

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27
Q

internal intercostal muscles

A

Expiratory muscles whose contraction pulls the ribs downward and inward, thereby reducing the size of the thoracic cavity

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28
Q

internal respiration

A

The intracellular metabolic processes carried out within the mitochondria that use O2 and produce CO2 during the derivation of energy from nutrient molecules

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29
Q

intra-alveolar pressure

A

The pressure within the alveoli

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30
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

The pressure within the pleural sac

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31
Q

larynx

A

The voice boxS at the entrance of the trachea; contains the vocal cords

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32
Q

law of mass action

A

If the concentration of one of the substances involved in a reversible reaction is increased, the reaction is driven toward the opposite side, and if the concentration of one of the substances is decreased, the reaction is driven toward that side

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33
Q

medullary respiratory center

A

Several aggregations of neuronal cell bodies within the medulla that provide output to the respiratory muscles and receive input important for regulating the magnitude of ventilation

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34
Q

O2-Hb dissociation curve

A

A graphic depiction of the relationship between arterial PO2 and percent hemoglobin saturation

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35
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin combined with O2

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36
Q

partial pressure

A

The individual pressure exerted independently by a particular gas within a mixture of gases

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37
Q

Partial Pressure Gradient

A

A difference in the partial pressure of a gas between two regions that promotes the movement of the gas from the region of higher partial pressure to the region of lower partial pressure

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38
Q

passive expiration

A

Expiration accomplished during quiet breathing as a result of elastic recoil of the lungs on relaxation of the inspiratory muscles, with no energy expenditure required

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39
Q

percent hemoglobin saturation

A

A measure of the extent to which the hemoglobin present is combined with O2

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40
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A

The carotid and aortic bodies, which respond to changes in arterial PO2 , PCO2 , and Hand adjust respiration accordingly

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41
Q

pleural sac

A

A double-walled, closed sac that separates each lung from the thoracic wall

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42
Q

pressure gradient

A

A difference in pressure between two regions that drives the movement of blood or air from the region of higher pressure to the region of lower pressure

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43
Q

pulmonary surfactant

A

A phospholipoprotein complex secreted by the Type II alveolar cells that intersperses between the water molecules that line the alveoli, thereby lowering the surface tension within the lungs

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44
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

The volume of air breathed in and out in one minute; equals tidal volume times respiratory rate

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45
Q

reduced hemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin that is not combined with O2

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46
Q

residual volume

A

The minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a maximal expiration

47
Q

respiration

A

The sum of processes that accomplish ongoing passive movement of O2 from the atmosphere to the tissues, as well as the continual passive movement of metabolically produced CO2 from the tissues to the atmosphere

48
Q

respiratory airways

A

The system of tubes that conducts air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs

49
Q

respiratory rate

A

Breaths per minute

50
Q

surface tension

A

The force at the liquid surface of an air-water interface resulting from the greater attraction of water molecules to the surrounding water molecules than to the air above the surface; a force that tends to decrease the area of a liquid surface and resists stretching of the surface

51
Q

tidal volume

A

The volume of air entering or leaving the lungs during a single breath

52
Q

trachea

A

The RwindpipeS; the conducting airway that extends from the pharynx and branches into two bronchi, each entering a lung

53
Q

transmural pressure gradient

A

The pressure difference across the lung wall (intra-alveolar pressure is greater than intrapleural pressure) that stretches the lungs to fill the thoracic cavity, which is larger than the unstretched lungs

54
Q

Type I alveolar cells

A

The single layer of flattened epithelial cells that forms the wall of the alveoli within the lungs

55
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

The cells within the alveolar walls that secrete pulmonary surfactant

56
Q

ventilation

A

The mechanical act of moving air in and out of the lungs; breathing

57
Q

vital capacity

A

The maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following a maximal inspiration

58
Q

alveolar surface tension

A

The surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli in the lungs; see surface tension

59
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

The volume of air exchanged between the atmosphere and alveoli per minute; equals (tidal volume minus dead space volume) times respiratory rate

60
Q

alveoli

A

The air sacs across which O2 and CO2 are exchanged between the blood and air in the lungs

61
Q

aortic valve

A

A one-way valve that permits the flow of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta during ventricular emptying but prevents the backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation

62
Q

asthma

A

An obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by profound constriction of the smaller airways caused by allergy-induced spasm of the smooth muscle in the walls of these airways

63
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

The pressure exerted by the weight of the air in the atmosphere on objects on EarthUs surface; equals 760 mm Hg at sea level

64
Q

BoyleUs law (boils)

A

At any constant temperature, the pressure exerted by a gas varies inversely with the volume of the gas

65
Q

bronchioles

A

The small, branching airways within the lungs

66
Q

bronchoconstriction

A

Narrowing of the respiratory airways

67
Q

bronchodilation

A

Widening of the respiratory airways

68
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H2O into carbonic acid, H2CO3

69
Q

central chemoreceptors

A

Receptors located in the medulla near the respiratory center that respond to changes in ECF H concentration resulting from changes in arterial PCO2 and adjust respiration accordingly

70
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

A group of lung diseases characterized by increased airway resistance resulting from narrowing of the lumen of the lower airways; includes asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema

71
Q

compliance

A

The distensibility of a hollow, elastic structure, such as a blood vessel or the lungs; a measure of how easily the structure can be stretched

72
Q

diaphragm

A

A dome-shaped sheet of skeletal muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity; the major inspiratory muscle

73
Q

elastic recoil

A

Rebound of the lungs after having been stretched

74
Q

emphysema

A

A pulmonary disease characterized by collapse of the smaller airways and a breakdown of alveolar walls

75
Q

esophagus

A

A straight muscular tube that extends between the pharynx and stomach

76
Q

expiration

A

a breath out

77
Q

expiratory muscles

A

The skeletal muscles whose contraction reduces the size of the thoracic cavity and allows the lungs to recoil to a smaller size, bringing about movement of air from the lungs to the atmosphere

78
Q

external intercostal muscles

A

Inspiratory muscles whose contraction elevates the ribs, thereby enlarging the thoracic cavity

79
Q

hyperventilation

A

Overbreathing; when the rate of ventilation is in excess of the bodyUs metabolic needs for CO2 removal

80
Q

hypoxia

A

Insufficient O2 at the cellular level

81
Q

inspiration

A

A breath in

82
Q

inspiratory muscles

A

The skeletal muscles whose contraction enlarges the thoracic cavity, bringing about lung expansion and movement of air into the lungs from the atmosphere

83
Q

intercostal muscles

A

The muscles that lie between the ribs; see also external intercostal muscles and internal intercostal muscles

84
Q

internal intercostal muscles

A

Expiratory muscles whose contraction pulls the ribs downward and inward, thereby reducing the size of the thoracic cavity

85
Q

internal respiration

A

The intracellular metabolic processes carried out within the mitochondria that use O2 and produce CO2 during the derivation of energy from nutrient molecules

86
Q

intra-alveolar pressure

A

The pressure within the alveoli

87
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

The pressure within the pleural sac

88
Q

larynx

A

The voice boxS at the entrance of the trachea; contains the vocal cords

89
Q

law of mass action

A

If the concentration of one of the substances involved in a reversible reaction is increased, the reaction is driven toward the opposite side, and if the concentration of one of the substances is decreased, the reaction is driven toward that side

90
Q

medullary respiratory center

A

Several aggregations of neuronal cell bodies within the medulla that provide output to the respiratory muscles and receive input important for regulating the magnitude of ventilation

91
Q

O2-Hb dissociation curve

A

A graphic depiction of the relationship between arterial PO2 and percent hemoglobin saturation

92
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin combined with O2

93
Q

partial pressure

A

The individual pressure exerted independently by a particular gas within a mixture of gases

94
Q

The individual pressure exerted independently by a particular gas within a mixture of gases

A

A difference in the partial pressure of a gas between two regions that promotes the movement of the gas from the region of higher partial pressure to the region of lower partial pressure

95
Q

passive expiration

A

Expiration accomplished during quiet breathing as a result of elastic recoil of the lungs on relaxation of the inspiratory muscles, with no energy expenditure required

96
Q

percent hemoglobin saturation

A

A measure of the extent to which the hemoglobin present is combined with O2

97
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A

The carotid and aortic bodies, which respond to changes in arterial PO2 , PCO2 , and Hand adjust respiration accordingly

98
Q

pleural sac

A

A double-walled, closed sac that separates each lung from the thoracic wall

99
Q

pressure gradient

A

A difference in pressure between two regions that drives the movement of blood or air from the region of higher pressure to the region of lower pressure

100
Q

pulmonary surfactant

A

A phospholipoprotein complex secreted by the Type II alveolar cells that intersperses between the water molecules that line the alveoli, thereby lowering the surface tension within the lungs

101
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

The volume of air breathed in and out in one minute; equals tidal volume times respiratory rate

102
Q

reduced hemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin that is not combined with O2

103
Q

residual volume

A

The minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a maximal expiration

104
Q

respiration

A

The sum of processes that accomplish ongoing passive movement of O2 from the atmosphere to the tissues, as well as the continual passive movement of metabolically produced CO2 from the tissues to the atmosphere

105
Q

respiratory airways

A

The system of tubes that conducts air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs

106
Q

respiratory rate

A

Breaths per minute

107
Q

surface tension

A

The force at the liquid surface of an air-water interface resulting from the greater attraction of water molecules to the surrounding water molecules than to the air above the surface; a force that tends to decrease the area of a liquid surface and resists stretching of the surface

108
Q

tidal volume

A

The volume of air entering or leaving the lungs during a single breath

109
Q

trachea

A

The RwindpipeS; the conducting airway that extends from the pharynx and branches into two bronchi, each entering a lung

110
Q

transmural pressure gradient

A

The pressure difference across the lung wall (intra-alveolar pressure is greater than intrapleural pressure) that stretches the lungs to fill the thoracic cavity, which is larger than the unstretched lungs

111
Q

Type I alveolar cells

A

The single layer of flattened epithelial cells that forms the wall of the alveoli within the lungs

112
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

The cells within the alveolar walls that secrete pulmonary surfactant

113
Q

ventilation

A

The mechanical act of moving air in and out of the lungs; breathing

114
Q

vital capacity

A

The maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following a maximal inspiration

Mammalian Physiology (6 decks)

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