Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
alveolar surface tension
A
The surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli in the lungs; see surface tension
2
Q
alveolar ventilation
A
The volume of air exchanged between the atmosphere and alveoli per minute; equals (tidal volume minus dead space volume) times respiratory rate
3
Q
alveoli
A
The air sacs across which O2 and CO2 are exchanged between the blood and air in the lungs
4
Q
aortic valve
A
A one-way valve that permits the flow of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta during ventricular emptying but prevents the backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation
5
Q
asthma
A
An obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by profound constriction of the smaller airways caused by allergy-induced spasm of the smooth muscle in the walls of these airways
6
Q
atmospheric pressure
A
The pressure exerted by the weight of the air in the atmosphere on objects on EarthUs surface; equals 760 mm Hg at sea level
7
Q
BoyleUs law (boils)
A
At any constant temperature, the pressure exerted by a gas varies inversely with the volume of the gas
8
Q
bronchioles
A
The small, branching airways within the lungs
9
Q
bronchoconstriction
A
Narrowing of the respiratory airways
10
Q
bronchodilation
A
Widening of the respiratory airways
11
Q
carbonic anhydrase
A
The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H2O into carbonic acid, H2CO3
12
Q
central chemoreceptors
A
Receptors located in the medulla near the respiratory center that respond to changes in ECF H concentration resulting from changes in arterial PCO2 and adjust respiration accordingly
13
Q
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
A
A group of lung diseases characterized by increased airway resistance resulting from narrowing of the lumen of the lower airways; includes asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema
14
Q
compliance
A
The distensibility of a hollow, elastic structure, such as a blood vessel or the lungs; a measure of how easily the structure can be stretched
15
Q
diaphragm
A
A dome-shaped sheet of skeletal muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity; the major inspiratory muscle
16
Q
elastic recoil
A
Rebound of the lungs after having been stretched
17
Q
emphysema
A
A pulmonary disease characterized by collapse of the smaller airways and a breakdown of alveolar walls
18
Q
esophagus
A
A straight muscular tube that extends between the pharynx and stomach
19
Q
expiration
A
a breath out
20
Q
expiratory muscles
A
The skeletal muscles whose contraction reduces the size of the thoracic cavity and allows the lungs to recoil to a smaller size, bringing about movement of air from the lungs to the atmosphere
21
Q
external intercostal muscles
A
Inspiratory muscles whose contraction elevates the ribs, thereby enlarging the thoracic cavity
22
Q
hyperventilation
A
Overbreathing; when the rate of ventilation is in excess of the bodyUs metabolic needs for CO2 removal
23
Q
hypoxia
A
Insufficient O2 at the cellular level
24
Q
inspiration
A
A breath in
25
inspiratory muscles
The skeletal muscles whose contraction enlarges the thoracic cavity, bringing about lung expansion and movement of air into the lungs from the atmosphere
26
intercostal muscles
The muscles that lie between the ribs; see also external intercostal muscles and internal intercostal muscles
27
internal intercostal muscles
Expiratory muscles whose contraction pulls the ribs downward and inward, thereby reducing the size of the thoracic cavity
28
internal respiration
The intracellular metabolic processes carried out within the mitochondria that use O2 and produce CO2 during the derivation of energy from nutrient molecules
29
intra-alveolar pressure
The pressure within the alveoli
30
intrapleural pressure
The pressure within the pleural sac
31
larynx
The voice boxS at the entrance of the trachea; contains the vocal cords
32
law of mass action
If the concentration of one of the substances involved in a reversible reaction is increased, the reaction is driven toward the opposite side, and if the concentration of one of the substances is decreased, the reaction is driven toward that side
33
medullary respiratory center
Several aggregations of neuronal cell bodies within the medulla that provide output to the respiratory muscles and receive input important for regulating the magnitude of ventilation
34
O2-Hb dissociation curve
A graphic depiction of the relationship between arterial PO2 and percent hemoglobin saturation
35
oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin combined with O2
36
partial pressure
The individual pressure exerted independently by a particular gas within a mixture of gases
37
Partial Pressure Gradient
A difference in the partial pressure of a gas between two regions that promotes the movement of the gas from the region of higher partial pressure to the region of lower partial pressure
38
passive expiration
Expiration accomplished during quiet breathing as a result of elastic recoil of the lungs on relaxation of the inspiratory muscles, with no energy expenditure required
39
percent hemoglobin saturation
A measure of the extent to which the hemoglobin present is combined with O2
40
peripheral chemoreceptors
The carotid and aortic bodies, which respond to changes in arterial PO2 , PCO2 , and Hand adjust respiration accordingly
41
pleural sac
A double-walled, closed sac that separates each lung from the thoracic wall
42
pressure gradient
A difference in pressure between two regions that drives the movement of blood or air from the region of higher pressure to the region of lower pressure
43
pulmonary surfactant
A phospholipoprotein complex secreted by the Type II alveolar cells that intersperses between the water molecules that line the alveoli, thereby lowering the surface tension within the lungs
44
pulmonary ventilation
The volume of air breathed in and out in one minute; equals tidal volume times respiratory rate
45
reduced hemoglobin
Hemoglobin that is not combined with O2
46
residual volume
The minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a maximal expiration
47
respiration
The sum of processes that accomplish ongoing passive movement of O2 from the atmosphere to the tissues, as well as the continual passive movement of metabolically produced CO2 from the tissues to the atmosphere
48
respiratory airways
The system of tubes that conducts air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs
49
respiratory rate
Breaths per minute
50
surface tension
The force at the liquid surface of an air-water interface resulting from the greater attraction of water molecules to the surrounding water molecules than to the air above the surface; a force that tends to decrease the area of a liquid surface and resists stretching of the surface
51
tidal volume
The volume of air entering or leaving the lungs during a single breath
52
trachea
The RwindpipeS; the conducting airway that extends from the pharynx and branches into two bronchi, each entering a lung
53
transmural pressure gradient
The pressure difference across the lung wall (intra-alveolar pressure is greater than intrapleural pressure) that stretches the lungs to fill the thoracic cavity, which is larger than the unstretched lungs
54
Type I alveolar cells
The single layer of flattened epithelial cells that forms the wall of the alveoli within the lungs
55
Type II alveolar cells
The cells within the alveolar walls that secrete pulmonary surfactant
56
ventilation
The mechanical act of moving air in and out of the lungs; breathing
57
vital capacity
The maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following a maximal inspiration
58
alveolar surface tension
The surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli in the lungs; see surface tension
59
alveolar ventilation
The volume of air exchanged between the atmosphere and alveoli per minute; equals (tidal volume minus dead space volume) times respiratory rate
60
alveoli
The air sacs across which O2 and CO2 are exchanged between the blood and air in the lungs
61
aortic valve
A one-way valve that permits the flow of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta during ventricular emptying but prevents the backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation
62
asthma
An obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by profound constriction of the smaller airways caused by allergy-induced spasm of the smooth muscle in the walls of these airways
63
atmospheric pressure
The pressure exerted by the weight of the air in the atmosphere on objects on EarthUs surface; equals 760 mm Hg at sea level
64
BoyleUs law (boils)
At any constant temperature, the pressure exerted by a gas varies inversely with the volume of the gas
65
bronchioles
The small, branching airways within the lungs
66
bronchoconstriction
Narrowing of the respiratory airways
67
bronchodilation
Widening of the respiratory airways
68
carbonic anhydrase
The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H2O into carbonic acid, H2CO3
69
central chemoreceptors
Receptors located in the medulla near the respiratory center that respond to changes in ECF H concentration resulting from changes in arterial PCO2 and adjust respiration accordingly
70
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
A group of lung diseases characterized by increased airway resistance resulting from narrowing of the lumen of the lower airways; includes asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema
71
compliance
The distensibility of a hollow, elastic structure, such as a blood vessel or the lungs; a measure of how easily the structure can be stretched
72
diaphragm
A dome-shaped sheet of skeletal muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity; the major inspiratory muscle
73
elastic recoil
Rebound of the lungs after having been stretched
74
emphysema
A pulmonary disease characterized by collapse of the smaller airways and a breakdown of alveolar walls
75
esophagus
A straight muscular tube that extends between the pharynx and stomach
76
expiration
a breath out
77
expiratory muscles
The skeletal muscles whose contraction reduces the size of the thoracic cavity and allows the lungs to recoil to a smaller size, bringing about movement of air from the lungs to the atmosphere
78
external intercostal muscles
Inspiratory muscles whose contraction elevates the ribs, thereby enlarging the thoracic cavity
79
hyperventilation
Overbreathing; when the rate of ventilation is in excess of the bodyUs metabolic needs for CO2 removal
80
hypoxia
Insufficient O2 at the cellular level
81
inspiration
A breath in
82
inspiratory muscles
The skeletal muscles whose contraction enlarges the thoracic cavity, bringing about lung expansion and movement of air into the lungs from the atmosphere
83
intercostal muscles
The muscles that lie between the ribs; see also external intercostal muscles and internal intercostal muscles
84
internal intercostal muscles
Expiratory muscles whose contraction pulls the ribs downward and inward, thereby reducing the size of the thoracic cavity
85
internal respiration
The intracellular metabolic processes carried out within the mitochondria that use O2 and produce CO2 during the derivation of energy from nutrient molecules
86
intra-alveolar pressure
The pressure within the alveoli
87
intrapleural pressure
The pressure within the pleural sac
88
larynx
The voice boxS at the entrance of the trachea; contains the vocal cords
89
law of mass action
If the concentration of one of the substances involved in a reversible reaction is increased, the reaction is driven toward the opposite side, and if the concentration of one of the substances is decreased, the reaction is driven toward that side
90
medullary respiratory center
Several aggregations of neuronal cell bodies within the medulla that provide output to the respiratory muscles and receive input important for regulating the magnitude of ventilation
91
O2-Hb dissociation curve
A graphic depiction of the relationship between arterial PO2 and percent hemoglobin saturation
92
oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin combined with O2
93
partial pressure
The individual pressure exerted independently by a particular gas within a mixture of gases
94
The individual pressure exerted independently by a particular gas within a mixture of gases
A difference in the partial pressure of a gas between two regions that promotes the movement of the gas from the region of higher partial pressure to the region of lower partial pressure
95
passive expiration
Expiration accomplished during quiet breathing as a result of elastic recoil of the lungs on relaxation of the inspiratory muscles, with no energy expenditure required
96
percent hemoglobin saturation
A measure of the extent to which the hemoglobin present is combined with O2
97
peripheral chemoreceptors
The carotid and aortic bodies, which respond to changes in arterial PO2 , PCO2 , and Hand adjust respiration accordingly
98
pleural sac
A double-walled, closed sac that separates each lung from the thoracic wall
99
pressure gradient
A difference in pressure between two regions that drives the movement of blood or air from the region of higher pressure to the region of lower pressure
100
pulmonary surfactant
A phospholipoprotein complex secreted by the Type II alveolar cells that intersperses between the water molecules that line the alveoli, thereby lowering the surface tension within the lungs
101
pulmonary ventilation
The volume of air breathed in and out in one minute; equals tidal volume times respiratory rate
102
reduced hemoglobin
Hemoglobin that is not combined with O2
103
residual volume
The minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a maximal expiration
104
respiration
The sum of processes that accomplish ongoing passive movement of O2 from the atmosphere to the tissues, as well as the continual passive movement of metabolically produced CO2 from the tissues to the atmosphere
105
respiratory airways
The system of tubes that conducts air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs
106
respiratory rate
Breaths per minute
107
surface tension
The force at the liquid surface of an air-water interface resulting from the greater attraction of water molecules to the surrounding water molecules than to the air above the surface; a force that tends to decrease the area of a liquid surface and resists stretching of the surface
108
tidal volume
The volume of air entering or leaving the lungs during a single breath
109
trachea
The RwindpipeS; the conducting airway that extends from the pharynx and branches into two bronchi, each entering a lung
110
transmural pressure gradient
The pressure difference across the lung wall (intra-alveolar pressure is greater than intrapleural pressure) that stretches the lungs to fill the thoracic cavity, which is larger than the unstretched lungs
111
Type I alveolar cells
The single layer of flattened epithelial cells that forms the wall of the alveoli within the lungs
112
Type II alveolar cells
The cells within the alveolar walls that secrete pulmonary surfactant
113
ventilation
The mechanical act of moving air in and out of the lungs; breathing
114
vital capacity
The maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following a maximal inspiration
