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Mammalian Physiology > CHAPTER 08: MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

CHAPTER 08: MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

A band

A

One of the dark bands that alternate with light (I) bands to create a striated appearance in a skeletal or cardiac muscle fiber when these fibers are viewed with a light microscope

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2
Q

actin

A

The contractile protein that forms the backbone of the thin filaments in muscle fibers

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3
Q

aerobic exercise

A

Exercise that can be supported by ATP formation accomplished by oxidative phosphorylation because adequate O2 is available to support the muscleUs modest energy demands; also called endurance-type exercise

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4
Q

alpha motor neuron

A

A motor neuron that innervates ordinary skeletal muscle fibers

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5
Q

anaerobic exercise

A

High-intensity exercise that can be supported by ATP formation accomplished by anaerobic glycolysis for brief periods of time when O2 delivery to a muscle is inadequate to support oxidative phosphorylation

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6
Q

atrophy

A

Decrease in mass of an organ

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7
Q

calmodulin

A

An intracellular Ca2 binding protein that, on activation by Ca2, induces a change in structure and function of another intracellular protein; especially important in smoothmuscle excitation-contraction coupling

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8
Q

cardiac muscle

A

The specialized muscle found only in the heart

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9
Q

contractile component

A

The sarcomere-containing myofibrils within a muscle fiber that are capable of shortening on excitation

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10
Q

contractile proteins

A

Myosin and actin, whose interaction brings about shortening (contraction) of a muscle fiber

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11
Q

cross bridges

A

The myosin moleculesU globular heads that protrude from a thick filament within a muscle fiber and interact with the actin molecules in the thin filaments to bring about shortening of the muscle fiber during contraction

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12
Q

end-plate potential (EPP)

A

The graded receptor potential that occurs at the motor end plate of a skeletal muscle fiber in response to binding with acetylcholine

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13
Q

excitation-contraction coupling

A

The series of events linking muscle excitation (the presence of an action potential) to muscle contraction (filament sliding and sarcomere shortening)

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14
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

A small depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane in response to neurotransmitter binding, thereby bringing the membrane closer to threshold

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15
Q

fatigue

A

Inability to maintain muscle tension at a given level despite sustained stimulation

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16
Q

functional syncytium

A

A group of smooth or cardiac muscle cells that are interconnected by gap junctions and function electrically and mechanically as a single unit

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17
Q

functional unit

A

The smallest component of an organ that can perform all the functions of the organ

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18
Q

gamma motor neuron

A

A motor neuron that innervates the fibers of a muscle-spindle receptor

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19
Q

glycolysis

A

A biochemical process that takes place in the cellUs cytosol and involves the breakdown of glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules

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20
Q

gradation of contraction

A

Variable magnitudes of tension produced in a single whole muscle

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21
Q

hyperplasia

A

An increase in the number of cells

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22
Q

hypertrophy

A

Increase in the size of an organ as a result of an increase in the size of its cells

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23
Q

I band

A

One of the light bands that alternate with dark (A) bands to create a striated appearance in a skeletal or cardiac muscle fiber when these fibers are viewed with a light microscope

24
Q

isometric contraction

A

A muscle contraction in which the development of tension occurs at constant muscle length

25
Q

isotonic contraction

A

A muscle contraction in which muscle tension remains constant as the muscle fiber changes length

26
Q

lactic acid

A

An end product formed from pyruvic acid during the anaerobic process of glycolysis

27
Q

lateral sacs

A

The expanded saclike regions of a muscle fiberUs sarcoplasmic reticulum; store and release calcium, which plays a key role in triggering muscle contraction

28
Q

length-tension relationship

A

The relationship between the length of a muscle fiber at the onset of contraction and the tension the fiber can achieve on a subsequent tetanic contraction

29
Q

motor activity

A

Movement of the body accomplished by contraction of skeletal muscles

30
Q

motor unit

A

One motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates

31
Q

motor unit recruitment

A

The progressive activation of a muscle fiberUs motor units to accomplish increasing gradations of contractile strength

32
Q

multiunit smooth muscle

A

A smooth muscle mass that consists of multiple discrete units that function independently of each other and that must be separately stimulated by autonomic nerves to contract

33
Q

muscle fiber

A

A single muscle cell, which is relatively long and cylindrical in shape

34
Q

myofibril

A

A specialized intracellular structure of muscle cells that contains the contractile apparatus

35
Q

myosin

A

The contractile protein that forms the thick filaments in muscle fibers

36
Q

optimal length

A

The length before the onset of contraction of a muscle fiber at which maximal force can be developed on a subsequent tetanic contraction

37
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

The entire sequence of mitochondrial biochemical reactions that uses oxygen to extract energy from the nutrients in food and transforms it into ATP, producing CO2 and H2O in the process

38
Q

regulatory proteins

A

Troponin and tropomyosin, which play a role in regulating muscle contraction by either covering or exposing the sites of interaction between the contractile proteins

39
Q

sarcomere

A

The functional unit of skeletal muscle; the area between two Z lines within a myofibril

40
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

A fine meshwork of interconnected tubules that surrounds a muscle fiberUs myofibrils; contains expanded lateral sacs, which store calcium that is released into the cytosol in response to a local action potential

41
Q

series-elastic component

A

The noncontractile portions of a skeletal muscle fiber, including the connective tissue and sarcoplasmic reticulum

42
Q

single-unit smooth muscle

A

The most abundant type of smooth muscle; made up of muscle fibers that are interconnected by gap junctions so that they become excited and contract as a unit; also known as visceral smooth muscle

43
Q

skeletal muscle

A

Striated muscle, which is attached to the skeleton and is responsible for movement of the bones in purposeful relation to one another; innervated by the somatic nervous system and under voluntary control

44
Q

slow-wave potentials

A

Self-excitable activity of an excitable cell in which its membrane potential undergoes gradually alternating depolarizing and hyperpolarizing swings

45
Q

smooth muscle

A

Involuntary muscle innervated by the autonomic nervous system and found in the walls of hollow organs and tubes

46
Q

stretch reflex

A

A monosynaptic reflex in which an afferent neuron originating at a stretch-detecting receptor in a skeletal muscle terminates directly on the efferent neuron supplying the same muscle to cause it to contract and counteract the stretch

47
Q

tension

A

The force produced during muscle contraction by shortening of the sarcomeres, resulting in stretching and tightening of the muscleUs elastic connective tissue and tendon, which transmit the tension to the bone to which the muscle is attached

48
Q

tetanus

A

A smooth, maximal muscle contraction that occurs when the fiber is stimulated so rapidly that it does not have a chance to relax at all between stimuli

49
Q

thick filaments

A

Specialized cytoskeletal structures within skeletal muscle that are made up of myosin molecules and interact with the thin filaments to accomplish shortening of the fiber during muscle contraction

50
Q

thin filaments

A

Specialized cytoskeletal structures within skeletal muscle that are made up of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin molecules and interact with the thick filaments to accomplish shortening of the fiber during muscle contraction

51
Q

transverse tubule (T tubule)

A

A perpendicular infolding of the surface membrane of a muscle fiber; rapidly spreads surface electric activity into the central portions of the muscle fiber

52
Q

tropomyosin

A

One of the regulatory proteins found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers

53
Q

troponin

A

One of the regulatory proteins found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers

54
Q

twitch

A

A brief, weak contraction that occurs in response to a single action potential in a muscle fiber

55
Q

twitch summation

A

The addition of two or more muscle twitches as a result of rapidly repetitive stimulation, resulting in greater tension in the fiber than that produced by a single action potential

56
Q

Z line

A

A flattened disclike cytoskeletal protein that connects the thin filaments of two adjoining sarcomeres

Mammalian Physiology (6 decks)

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