UNIT 1 (Respiratory system)

Question 1

How much oxygen combines with haemoglobin (%)

Answer 1

97%

Question 2

Where is oxygen stored in muscles?

Answer 2

myoglobin

Question 3

What is 70% of CO2 transported as in blood?

Answer 3

hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) ions

Question 4

What does CO2 and water produce?

Answer 4

Carbonoic acid

Question 5

What is respiration?

Answer 5

the taking in of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide

Question 6

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Answer 6

to transport oxygen from the air that we breathe in through a system of tubes in our lungs and then into the blood stream

Question 7

Where are the lungs found?

Answer 7

the thorax

Question 8

What are the lungs protected by?

Answer 8

the rib cage and seperated from the abdomen by the diaphragm muscle

Question 9

Which side of the lungs is bigger?

Answer 9

The right it has 3 lobes whereas the left has 2 to accomodate the heart.

Question 10

how does oxygen travel to the bloodstream?

Answer 10

nose/mouth-pharynx then larynx- trachea- bronchi- bronchioles- alveoli- diffuses into blood in the capillaries

Question 11

how do the alveoli structure help maximise gaseous exchange?

Answer 11

-dense capillary network supplies them with oxygen
-their walls are extremely thin(one cell thick) together they create a large surface area for more efficient gaseous exchange

Question 12

how does air move

Answer 12

from high pressure to low pressure

Question 13

inspiration mechanics of breathing

Answer 13

-external intercostals and diaphragm (downwards and flattens) contract
- to pull the rib cage upwards and outwards
- which increases thoracic cavity
- which decreases pressure in lungs.

Question 14

expiration mechanics of breathing

Answer 14

-intercostal muscles relax and the rib cage moves downwards
-diaphragm relaxes and returns to dome shape
-this decreases thoracic cavity
- pressure is higher inside lungs than outside so air moves to atmosphere

Question 15

inspiration during exercise

Answer 15

inspiratory muscles include sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor

Question 16

expiration during exercise

Answer 16

involves internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

Question 17

muscles involved in inhalation

Answer 17

-external intercostal muscles
-diaphragm
-sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor (during exercise)

Question 18

muscles involved in expiration

Answer 18

-intercostal muscles
-diaphragm
-internal intercostals and abdominals (during exercise)

Question 19

tidal volume

Answer 19

volume of air breathed in or out per breath

Question 20

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 20

volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath

Question 21

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 21

volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal breath

Question 22

residual volume

Answer 22

volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration

Question 23

vital capacity

Answer 23

volume of air forcibly expired after maximum inspiration in one breath

Question 24

minute ventilation

Answer 24

volume air breathed in or out in a minute

Question 25

total lung capacity

Answer 25

vital capacity+residual volume

Question 26

breathing rate x tidal volume = ??

Answer 26

minute ventilation

Question 27

what controls ventilation

Answer 27

respiratory control centre (RCC)

Question 28

where is the RCC located

Answer 28

medulla oblongata

Question 29

what is RCC split into

Answer 29

inspiratory centre and expiratory centre

Question 30

what happens during inspiratory centre

Answer 30

baro, chemo and proprio receptors detect exercise based change, send signal to RCC (inspiratory centre) which sends signal through PHRENIC nerve which causes diaphragm and external intercostals to contract and increase inspiration

Question 31

what does expiratory centre do

Answer 31

stretch receptors prevent over inflation by sending impulses to expiratory centre in RCC and then through INTERCOSTAL nerve to abdominals and internal intercostals to increase expiration

Question 32

what is gaseous exchange

Answer 32

movement of oxygen from the air into the blood and CO2 from blood into the air

Question 33

What gaseous exchange happens at the lungs

Answer 33

external gaseous exchange

Question 34

during exercise haemoglobin gives up some oxygen more readily and the curve moves which direction?

Answer 34

right (this is called the bohr shift)

Question 35

in the lungs haemoglobin saturation is ...

Answer 35

high because oxygen diffuses into blood from the lungs as it passes through the capillary network.

Question 36

in tissues the haemoglobin saturation...

Answer 36

decreases to meet the demand for oxygen at the working muscles

Question 37

what causes oxygen to dissociate form haemoglobin

Answer 37

- increase in blood and muscle temp - decrease in partial pressure of oxygen in the muscle(increasing diffusion gradient) -increase in partial pressure of CO2 -increase in acidity caused by more CO2 in blood (bohr effect)

Question 38

what is AVO2 diff

Answer 38

difference in between the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the blood and the venous blood leaving them muscle

Question 39

how will a trained performer have a higher AVO2 diff

Answer 39

they will be able to enhance the muscles ability to extract and utilise more oxygen

Question 40

how can you increase AVO2 diff

Answer 40

-increased mitochondria density -increased myoglobin content -increased red blood cell count -increased muscle capillary density

Question 41

what is VO2 max

Answer 41

the maximum volume of oxygen that can be consumed, transported and utilised by the body during exercise.

Question 42

physiological adaptations increasing AV02 diff

Answer 42

increased myoglobin content increased mitochondria density increased red blood cell count increased muscle capillary density

Question 43

how can you increase mitochondria density

Answer 43

through regular aerobic and interval training, mitochondria will increase both in number and size.

Question 44

how can you increase myoglobin content

Answer 44

endurance training

Question 45

how can you increase red blood cell count

Answer 45

aerobic training and high intensity interval training can stimulate the body to produce more red blood cellsh

Question 46

how can you increase muscle capillary density

Answer 46

endurance training promotes capillarisation