UNIT 1 (Respiratory system) Flashcards
How much oxygen combines with haemoglobin (%)
97%
Where is oxygen stored in muscles?
myoglobin
What is 70% of CO2 transported as in blood?
hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) ions
What does CO2 and water produce?
Carbonoic acid
What is respiration?
the taking in of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide
What is the function of the respiratory system?
to transport oxygen from the air that we breathe in through a system of tubes in our lungs and then into the blood stream
Where are the lungs found?
the thorax
What are the lungs protected by?
the rib cage and seperated from the abdomen by the diaphragm muscle
Which side of the lungs is bigger?
The right it has 3 lobes whereas the left has 2 to accomodate the heart.
how does oxygen travel to the bloodstream?
nose/mouth-pharynx then larynx- trachea- bronchi- bronchioles- alveoli- diffuses into blood in the capillaries
how do the alveoli structure help maximise gaseous exchange?
-dense capillary network supplies them with oxygen
-their walls are extremely thin(one cell thick) together they create a large surface area for more efficient gaseous exchange
how does air move
from high pressure to low pressure
inspiration mechanics of breathing
-external intercostals and diaphragm (downwards and flattens) contract
- to pull the rib cage upwards and outwards
- which increases thoracic cavity
- which decreases pressure in lungs.
expiration mechanics of breathing
-intercostal muscles relax and the rib cage moves downwards
-diaphragm relaxes and returns to dome shape
-this decreases thoracic cavity
- pressure is higher inside lungs than outside so air moves to atmosphere
inspiration during exercise
inspiratory muscles include sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor
expiration during exercise
involves internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
muscles involved in inhalation
-external intercostal muscles
-diaphragm
-sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor (during exercise)
muscles involved in expiration
-intercostal muscles
-diaphragm
-internal intercostals and abdominals (during exercise)
tidal volume
volume of air breathed in or out per breath
inspiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath
expiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal breath
residual volume
volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration
vital capacity
volume of air forcibly expired after maximum inspiration in one breath
minute ventilation
volume air breathed in or out in a minute
total lung capacity
vital capacity+residual volume
breathing rate x tidal volume = ??
minute ventilation
what controls ventilation
respiratory control centre (RCC)
where is the RCC located
medulla oblongata
what is RCC split into
inspiratory centre and expiratory centre
what happens during inspiratory centre
baro, chemo and proprio receptors detect exercise based change, send signal to RCC (inspiratory centre) which sends signal through PHRENIC nerve which causes diaphragm and external intercostals to contract and increase inspiration
what does expiratory centre do
stretch receptors prevent over inflation by sending impulses to expiratory centre in RCC and then through INTERCOSTAL nerve to abdominals and internal intercostals to increase expiration
what is gaseous exchange
movement of oxygen from the air into the blood and CO2 from blood into the air
What gaseous exchange happens at the lungs
external gaseous exchange
during exercise haemoglobin gives up some oxygen more readily and the curve moves which direction?
right (this is called the bohr shift)
in the lungs haemoglobin saturation is …
high because oxygen diffuses into blood from the lungs as it passes through the capillary network.
in tissues the haemoglobin saturation…
decreases to meet the demand for oxygen at the working muscles
what causes oxygen to dissociate form haemoglobin
- increase in blood and muscle temp
- decrease in partial pressure of oxygen in the muscle(increasing diffusion gradient)
-increase in partial pressure of CO2
-increase in acidity caused by more CO2 in blood (bohr effect)
what is AVO2 diff
difference in between the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the blood and the venous blood leaving them muscle
how will a trained performer have a higher AVO2 diff
they will be able to enhance the muscles ability to extract and utilise more oxygen
how can you increase AVO2 diff
-increased mitochondria density
-increased myoglobin content
-increased red blood cell count
-increased muscle capillary density
what is VO2 max
the maximum volume of oxygen that can be consumed, transported and utilised by the body during exercise.
physiological adaptations increasing AV02 diff
increased myoglobin content
increased mitochondria density
increased red blood cell count
increased muscle capillary density
how can you increase mitochondria density
through regular aerobic and interval training, mitochondria will increase both in number and size.
how can you increase myoglobin content
endurance training
how can you increase red blood cell count
aerobic training and high intensity interval training can stimulate the body to produce more red blood cellsh
how can you increase muscle capillary density
endurance training promotes capillarisation
