respiratory system Flashcards
what are the functions of the respiratory system
gas exchange
regulate blood ph
smell
filters and warms inhaled air
voice production
excreates small amounts of water and heat
what are the 3 cavities of the respiratory system
nasal
oral
thoracic
what is in the thoracic cavity
lungs
heart
thymus gland
how is the thoracic cavity seperated from the abdominal cavity
diaphragm
what is the mediastinum and what does it contain
the area between the lungs
contains:
heart
aorta, SVC, IVC
trachea
Esophagus
thymus
what are the 3 cavities within the thoracic cavity
1 pericardial cavity
2 pleural cavities
what is the pericardial cavity
space between visceral and parietal layers around the heart
what is a pleural cavity
space between visceral and parietal layers around lungs
what is a pleura
double walled serous membrane
what is the outer part of the pleura called and what does it line
parietal pleurs
lines the superior portion of diaphragm and chest wall
what is the inner part of the pleura called and what does it line
visceral pleura
lines the surface of the lungs
what are the parts of the respiratory system
nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
how can you classify the respiratory system
structurally and functionally
what are the structural classifications of the respiratory system
upper respiratory
- nose, nasal cavity, pharynx
lower repiratory
- larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
what are the functional classifications
conduction zone
respiratory zone
what is the function and parts of the conducting zone
connecting cavities and tube
- nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
filters warm and moistens air to and from lungs
what are the functions and parts of the repiratory zone
where gas exchange occurs
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli
what are the functions of the nasal cavity
warm, filter, moisten incoming air
detect olfactory stimuli
what are the regions of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
where is the nasopharynx
posterior to nasal cavity
what are the parts of the nasopharynx
2 eustachian tubes (auditoy tubes)
1 pharyngeal tonsil or adenoid
where is the oropharynx
extends from the soft palate to thee hyoid bone
what functions do the oropharynx have
digestive - passageway for food
respiratory - passageway for air
what tonsils are in the oropharynx
lingual and palatine
where is the laryngopharynx
hyoid to esophagus
where is the larynx (voice
connects laryngopharynx to trachea
anterior to esophagus from C4-C6
what makes up the larynx
9 cartilages
- thyroid
- cricoid
- elastic
what is the thyroid cartilage of the larynx
where
adams apple
landmark for C5
connected to hyoid bone
what does the cricoid cartilage of the larynx for and what is it attached to
forms inferior wall
attached to trachea (C6)
what forms the epiglottis
leaf shaped elastic cartilage
what is the glottis
pair of folds of a mucus membrane
has vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
and vocal cords
which folds of the glottis are superior
vestibular
where is the trachea
C6-T5 (carina)
anterior to esophagus
what forms the trachea
16-20 c shaped cartilages stached on top of one another
opens posteriorly
where does the trachea split into the bronchi
at the carina
which bronchi is more vertical, shorter, and wider
right main stem
what are all the parts of the bronchia tree
main stem bronchi
lobar bronchi (secondary)
segmental bronchi (tertiary)
bronchioles
terminal bronchiales
- lung lobule
–respiratory bronchioles
how many lobar and sgmental bronchi do the right and left lungs have
right
- 3 lobar
- 10 segmental
left
- 2 lobar bronchi
- 10 segmental
what are in the lung lobules
lymphatic vessels
arteriole
venule
branch from terminal bronchiole
what kind of cells are in the alveoli
type 1 and 2
what is the main purpose of type 1 cells
main site of gas exchange
what is the purpose of type 2 cells
secrete surfactant
- lowers surface tension
reduces tendancy of collapse
what is lung tissue called
lung parenchyma
what is the top portion of the lungs called
apex or apices
where do the lung apices start
T1
so make sure in images vertabra prominens is in light
what is the bottom portion of the lungs called
bases
how do the bases of the lung sit
rest on diaphragm
extened lower posteriorly and laterally
what is the outermost lower corner of the lungs called
costophrenic angles
what is the root of the lung
hilum
what is the cardiac notch
only on the left lung where the heart sits
what part of which rib do you need to see to know its full inspiration
posterior portion of 10th rib above diaphragm
what are the lobes of the right lung
upper, middle and lower
what are the fissures of the right lung and what lobes are they between
horizontal fissure - upper and middle
oblique fissure- middle and lower
what are the lobes of the left lung
upper and lower
what are the fissures of the left lung and which lobes do they seperate
oblique - upper and lower
what is the role of the right and left pulmonary arteries
carry DEOXYGENATED blood from right side of heart to cappilaries surrounding alveoli
what is the role of bronchial arteries
carry OXYGENATED blood to supply muscular walls of bronchi and bronchioles
what is the role of the pulmonary veins
carry OXYGENATED blood from capilaries surrounding alveoli back to left side of the heart
what are the 3 processes of gas exchange
pulmonary ventilation
external/pulmonary respiration
internal/tissue respiation
what is the process of pulmonary ventilation
exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli
inspiration and exhalation
what is the process of external/pulmonary respiration
exchange of gases between alveoli and surrounding capilaries
what is the process of internal of tissue respiration
exchange of gases between blood in systematic capillaries and tissues
when is the pressure inside the lungs equal to the atmosphere
between breaths
what does the pressure inside the lungs need to be during inspiration
less than atmosphere
describe the process of inspiration
diaphragm muscles contract (75% of the air entering lung)
External intercostal muscles contract elevating the ribs (25% of air entering lungs)
increase volume of lungs and decrease pressure (boyles law)
decribe the process of normal expiration
during quiet breathing is passive process no energy
elastic recoil
relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals
describe the process of forced expiration
like playing a wind instrument
active process
contraction of the abdominal muscles and internal intercostals aid
where is the respiratory center
brain stem (pons and medulla)
what is the function of the respiratory center
monitors and controls the repiratory rate by stimulating muscle contraction
what is boyles law
P=1/V
as volume increases pressure decreases
what is daltons law
patrial pressures of O2 and CO2 determine their movement
- from higher to lower partial pressure
