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BMS107 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

internal respiration meaning

A

use of O2 and production of CO2 by cells

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2
Q

external respiration definition

A

movement of gases between environment and cells

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3
Q

what gradient determines air flow?

A

a pressure gradient (from high to low)

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4
Q

what conditions are needed for air to flow into the lungs?

A
  • low pressure inside the lungs = higher volume
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5
Q

what is bulk flow?

A

movement of fluid as a result of pressure gradient

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6
Q

what factors led to an increase in O2 needs

A
  • larger size
  • endothermy
  • habituation of new environments
  • large nervous system
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7
Q

what are unique features of gills?

A
  • highly vascularised
  • large SA
  • thin membranes
  • operculum
  • countercurrent exchange -> swimming moves water through gills
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8
Q

amphibian respiratory features

A
  • combination of skin, gills and lungs
  • use buccal cavity to draw in air and squeeze it down mouth
  • intermttent breathers
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9
Q

reptile breathing

A
  • emergence of inspiratory/expiratory
  • reduce internal air pressure and suck air into lungs using muscular pumps
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10
Q

bird respiratory

A
  • need a higher metabolic rate due to more O2 required for flying
  • change air pressure in air sacs
  • air sacs flow onto lungs
  • counter current flow in lungs
  • high haemoglobin affinity
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11
Q

mammal features

A
  • high SA
  • upper and lower resp tract
  • diaphragm + inter-coastal muscle for pressure gradient
  • pleural sac around lungs for inflation
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12
Q

what’s included in upper resp tract

A
  • oral and nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx
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13
Q

what’s included in lower resp tract

A
  • trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
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14
Q

features of upper resp tract

A
  • goblet cells and cilia
  • cartilage rings in trachea and bronchi
  • smooth muscle and no cartilage n bronchioles
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15
Q

features of lower tract

A
  • large SA
  • thin walls
  • no goblet cells
  • absent cilia (may be sparse)
  • no cartilage
  • alveolar sac -> clusters of alveoli
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16
Q

features of alveoli

A
  • single thin epithelial layer
  • surfactant secreting type II alveolar cells
  • macrophages
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17
Q

features of bronchioles

A
  • smooth muscle walls
18
Q

features of bronchi

A
  • cartilage rings
  • ciliated
  • epithelium
  • goblet cells
19
Q

features of trachea

A
  • cartilage rings
  • ciliated epithelium
  • goblet cells
20
Q

nasal cavity

A
  • ciliated epithelium
  • goblet cells (mucus)
  • hair
21
Q

how is O2 transported in blood

A
  • gas transport proteins
  • matalloproteins -> carry metal ions which reversibly bind to O2 and increase O2 carrying capacity by 50X
  • HEMOGLOBIN in vertebrates is the protein
  • contained within red blood cells
22
Q

How is homeostasis related?

A
  • blood gas levels are regulated variable
  • chemoreceptors are sensors
  • medulla = control centre
  • effectors = heart, lungs/resp muscles
23
Q

what is partial pressure

A
  • fraction of air made up by a particular gas
  • pp of individual gas = total pressure of gas x % of individual gas (only at sea level where water = 0%)
24
Q

definition of diffusion of gases

A

movement of gas mols from region of high pp to low pp

25
Q

what is the diffusion coefficient

A
  • measure of permeability of a particular membrane to a particular gas
  • constant for each gas
  • dependent on solubility and molecular weight
  • more soluble = large coefficient
  • smaller molecule = diffuse faster = larger co.
  • e.g. CO2 more soluble than O2, so at any pressure CO2 dissolves faster in water and crosses membrane faster
26
Q

what is diffusion rate proportional to?

A
  1. surface area
  2. diffusion coefficient
  3. magnitude of the pp gradient
27
Q

what is diffusion rate inversely proportional to?

A

membrane thickness

28
Q

What is Fick’s law?

A

V = A x D x ChangeP/T

  • diffusion rate = V
  • Membrane SA = A
  • diffusion coefficient = D
  • PP gradient = P = P1 – P2
  • membrane thickness = T
29
Q

What is the pressure gradient

A
  • difference in pressure between two areas
  • ## the only factor that can change in the short term
30
Q

what is bulk flow

A
  • all air movement due to pressure gradient
  • flow (Q) is proprotional to pressure gradient
  • flow inversely proportional to resistance (r)
  • Q = changeP/R
31
Q

how is a pressure gradient generated?

A
  • change in lung volume due to muscles
  • small volume = high pressure due to molecules bouncng off each other and walls
  • large volume = more space = less contact
32
Q

what determines resistance

A
  • radius
  • flow pattern
  • fluid viscosity
  • length
33
Q

why does radius have such a large impact on flow

A
  • resistance to the fourth power of r
34
Q

why is resistance lower in bronchioles than trachea

A
  • so many that their total cross sectional area reduces resistance
35
Q

Flow patterns and impact

A
  1. turbulent = slower flow
  2. transitional = in between, still bouncing
  3. laminar = straight through flow, no bouncing
    *highest turbulence in trachea
36
Q

Special properties of flow

A
  1. pressure gradient is variable (resp muscles)
  2. bronchioles are collapsible
  3. bronchiolar radius can be actively regulated (smooth muscle rings)
37
Q

how s bronchiolar resstance altered passively

A
  • each breath causes changes in thoracic pressure
  • this lead to changes in pressure of bronchioles leading to changing radius passively
38
Q

how is bronchiolar resistance altered actively

A
  • smooth muscle contracts or relaxes
  • causes longer term variation to resistance
  • under intrinsic and extrinsic control
39
Q

local control of smooth muscle

A
  • chemical mediators (CO2) cause dilation
  • histamine produces strong bronchoconstruction and mucus -> paracrine hormone = rapid constriction
40
Q

extrinsic control of smooth muscle

A
  • autonomic nervous system and hormones
  • parasympathetic nerve system causes contraction input
  • sympathetic reacts to adrenaline to cause relaxation

BMS107 (6 decks)

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