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Bio 20 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

Human Systems Unit

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are oxygen receptors and how do they work?

A

receptors in caratid artery and aorta that detect level of oxygen. These are only back-up receptors and are only stimulated when oxygen levels drop significantly.

ex. carbon monoxide poisoning

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2
Q

How does the stretching of the lung tissue regulate breathing?

A

receptors stretch in pleura, bronchioles, and alveoli. These nerve impulses are sent to the medulla oblonggata which causes breathing rate to drop.

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3
Q

How does emotional state affect the rate of breathing?

A

Fear and pain can cause an increase in breathing rate due to the increased need for oxygen.

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4
Q

True or False: gas moves from low concentration to high concentration during diffusion

A

FALSE: it moves from high concentration to low concentration

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5
Q

what is partial pressure?

A

the pressure that a single gas exerts

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6
Q

What are the 2 methods of oxygen transport?

A

as a dissolved gas in the plasma

carried by hemoglobin

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7
Q

True or False: hemoglobin accounts for 97% of oxygen transport

A

TRUE, dissolved gas in plasma accounts for only 3%

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8
Q

What are the 3 factors that cause oxygen release by hemoglobin?

A

Temperature, blood pH, and oxygen concentration

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9
Q

What are the 3 ways of carbon dioxide transport in the body?

A

-transport in blood plasma(7%)
-transport in the cytoplasm of the red blood cells(70%)
-transport by hemoglobin(23%)

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle in the body?

A

-smooth muscle
-cardiac muscle
-skeletal muscle

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11
Q

what is the I-Band and what does it do when the muscle contracts?

A

the gap between teh end of a myosin on one sacromere and the beginning of the next myosin on the next sacromere.
it gets smaller when the muscles contract.

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12
Q

why is ATP needed in muscle contraction?

A

we need it so there is enough energy for the cross-bridges to detach

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13
Q

What is the A-Band and what happens to it when muscles contract?

A

the length of the myosin filiment.

it stays the same length when muscles contract

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14
Q

What is the H-Band and what happens to it when muscles contract?

A

distance between actin filaments.

gets smaller when the muscles contract.

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15
Q

Actin

A

a thin myofilament

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16
Q

myosin

A

a thick myofilament

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17
Q

sacromere

A

what a myofibral is divided into. They become smaller when muscles contract and larger when muscles relax.

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18
Q

What is a Z-Line and what happens to the Z-Lines when the muscles contract?

A

They are the lines that mark the end of one sacromere and the start of another.

they move closer together when muscles contract

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19
Q

A quadricept is an example of what kind of muscle?

A

an extensor

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20
Q

A hamstring is an example of what kind of muscle?

A

a flexor

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21
Q

what is skeletal muscle composed of?

A

fibres

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22
Q

sarcolemma

A

the membrane fibres that skeletal muscles are enclosed in

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23
Q

myofibrils

A

what makes up muscle fibre

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24
Q

myofilaments

A

what makes up myofibrils

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25
Q

antagonistic muscles

A

muscles that move joints in pairs

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26
Q

flexor muscle

A

the muscle that contracts to bend a joint

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27
Q

extensor muscle

A

the muscle that contracts to straighten a joint

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28
Q

bicep muscle is an extensor or flexor muscle?

A

FLEXOR

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29
Q

tricep muscle is an extensor or flexor muscle?

A

EXTENSOR

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30
Q

where in the body do the lungs lie?

A

in the thoracic cavity

31
Q

pleural membrane

A

a thin membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the walls of the ribs

32
Q

what is the pleural cavity and what is its purpose?

A

the space between the pleural membrane of the lungs and the ribs. It is filled with fluid that helps the lungs expand and contract without friction.

33
Q

what determines air movement?

A

pressure differences between the atmosphere and lungs

34
Q

how can air move into the lungs?

A

because the atmospheric pressure is greater than the lung air pressure

35
Q

how can air move out of the lungs?

A

because the atmospheric pressure is lower than the lung air pressure

36
Q

describe the path air takes through the body

A

air enters the body through the nasal/oral cavities and then into the pharynx. <then it enters the larynx, and then into the trachea. Then into the bronchi, then bronchiole, then alveolar sac, then the alveoli. Once it reaches the alveoli, gas exchange occurs through the capillaries and the oxygen is transferred to the blood vessels which carry the oxygen to cells all around the body.

37
Q

Bronchi

A

the tubes that the trachea breaks into. One to each lung.

38
Q

what are bronchioles?

A

the smaller branch-like tubes that come from the bronchi

39
Q

what is an alveolar sac?

A

what each bronchiole ends in. They hold the alveoli.

40
Q

define alveoli

A

tiny “balls of air”. they allow for gas exchange to take place.

41
Q

what is the trachea?

A

a tube made of smooth muscle supported by rings of cartilage.

42
Q

what do cells lining the trachea produce? why?

A

They produce mucous because they capture the debris to stop it from entering the lungs.

43
Q

define cilia

A

tiny hairs that line the trachea which sweep up debris and mucous back up.

44
Q

tracheotomy

A

cutting a hole in the trachea to insert a tube if the trachea gets blocked. This surgery is done to help people breathe when they can’t.

45
Q

what is the larynx?

A

a triangular box with the apex(point) being the Adams apple.

46
Q

how do vocal cords work?

A

as air passes through the glottis, it vibrates the cords. This produces sounds.

47
Q

what is the glottis?

A

a variable-sized opening at the top of the larynx.

48
Q

why is the larynx also referred to as the voicebox?

A

because it contains the vocal cords.

49
Q

what separates the oral and nasal cavities?

A

hard and soft palates

50
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

the opening where the nasal and oral cavities meet.

51
Q

what special part of the body is located in the pharynx and what is its purpose?

A

the EPIGLOTTIS; which covers the trachea when food is swallowed to prevent choking and food going into the lungs.

52
Q

breathing

A

movement of air into and out of the body’s lungs. This brings in oxygen and pushes carbon dioxide out.

53
Q

inspiration

A

aka inhalation. air moves into the lungs

54
Q

expiration

A

aka exhalation. air moves out of the lungs.

55
Q

cellular respiration

A

cells use oxygen to create energy for the body. this process creates carbon dioxide and other waste.

glucose+oxygen = ATP+ carbon dioxide+water

56
Q

asthma

A

bronchioles constrict reducing the flow of air

57
Q

how many lobes are in each lung

A

right lung-3
left lung-2

the left lung has less due to the heart being on the left side of our body.

58
Q

lobule

A

a subdivision of a lobe

59
Q

epithelium

A

the thin layer of cells that makes up an alveolus which is surrounded by capillaries.

60
Q

where is smooth muscle found and what nervous system controls it?

A

found in the walls of arteries, veins, the digestive tract, uterus, bladder, etc.

involuntary nervous system

61
Q

where is cardiac muscle found and what nervous system controls it?

A

only found in the heart

involuntary nervous system

62
Q

where is skeletal muscle found and what nervous system controls it?

A

attached to bones by tendons

voluntary nervous system

63
Q

how does CO2 transport through the plasma work?

A

dissolved in the plasma, then released when it reaches the lungs because of the concentration gradient.

64
Q

how does CO2 transport through the red blood cell cytoplasm work?

A

moves into the red blood cell cytoplasm, then joins with water to form carbonic acid(H2CO3). This then breaks down into hydrocarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. These hydrogen ions combine with hemoglobin to form reduced hemoglobin which helps oxygen leave the red blood cell.

65
Q

how does CO2 transport through the hemoglobin work?

A

binds directly to hemoglobin and is transported to the lungs.

66
Q

external respiration

A

takes place in the lungs and involves the exchange of O2 and CO2 molecules between the air and the blood.

67
Q

internal respiration

A

takes place within the body and involves the exchange of O2 and CO2 molecules between the blood and the tissue fluids.

68
Q

what are the main 3 functions of the oral and nasal cavities?

A

-filter, warm, and humidify air
-have tiny hairs and mucous that trap bacteria, viruses, and other airborne materials
-blood vessels in the mouth and nose lose heat which warms the air.

69
Q

what makes up the walls and floor of the thoracic cavity?

A

the internal and external intercostal muscles make up the walls, and the diaphragm makes up the floor.

70
Q

when air moves into the lungs, what happens to the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and ribcage?

A

air moves in, intercostal muscles contract, the ribcage moves upwards, diaphragm contracts and moves downwards.

71
Q

when air moves out of the lungs, what happens to the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and ribcage?

A

air moves out, intercostal muscles relax, the ribcage falls, and the diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards.

72
Q

what is regulation of breathing controlled by?

A

the MEDULLA OBLONGATA

73
Q

chemoreceptors

A

chemicals that monitor the CO2 and O2 levels in the blood

74
Q

what are the oxygen receptors and how do they work?

A

they are the most sensitive receptors and the main regulators of breathing rate. if CO2 levels increase, the receptors send a signal to the muscles of the diaphragm to increase breathing rate.

Bio 20 (6 decks)

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