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Bio 20 > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

Human Systems Unit

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1
Q

Which way do the arteries carry blood?

A

Away from the heart

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2
Q

Why do arteries have thick walls?

A

So they can withstand the high blood pressure

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3
Q

What 3 layers make up the artery walls?

A
  1. Inner layer
  2. Smooth muscle layer
  3. Connective tissue layer
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4
Q

Arteries get smaller and become….?

A

Artieroles

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5
Q

What is a pulse?

A

What you feel in your wrist or neck when your artery expands as the blood flows through it

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6
Q

What controls the size of your arteries? How?

A

The autonomic nervous system by causing the muscle layer to expand or contract

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7
Q

What is Vasodilation?

A

Refers to the relaxation of the muscle layer which expands the size of the artery

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8
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Refers to the contraction of the muscle layer which decreases the size of the artery

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9
Q

Arterioles branch into…?

A

Capillaries

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10
Q

What is the function of the spincter muscles?

A

They control the flow of blood from arterioles into capillaries

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11
Q

How many layers of cells are in a capillary?

A

1

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12
Q

What exchange happens in the capillaries?

A

Fluid and Gas exchange between blood and body cells

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13
Q

How does oxygen diffuse into the blood?

A

They diffuse into the surrounding tissues through the thin walls of the capillaries into the body cells

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14
Q

Why are capillary beds easily destroyed?

A

Because they are only 1 cell thick

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15
Q

Capillaries merge and become progressively larger vessels called…?

A

Venues (tiny veins)

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16
Q

Venues come together to form what?

A

Veins

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17
Q

Do arteries or veins have thicker walls? Why?

A

Arteries because they carry blood away from the heart which has a higher blood pressure then blood coming back to the heart

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18
Q

How are veins able to push the blood back to the heart despite having a very low blood pressure?

A

Through the use of one-way valves which force the blood to keep moving along

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19
Q

What is the function of the skeletal muscles?

A

They help squeeze veins and push the blood along them

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20
Q

Where are the carotid artery and the jugular vein located in the body?

A

On the right side of the neck

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21
Q

How big is the heart?

A

The size of your fist

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22
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Directly behind the sternum, between the lungs

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23
Q

What is the heart surrounded by?

A

The pericardium which is a liquid filled sac. Peri means around, and cardium means the heart

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24
Q

What muscle makes up the majority of the heart?

A

The myocardium. Myo means muscle and cardium means heart

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25
Q

What is the inner lining of the heart called?

A

The endocardium. Endo means inside and cardium means the heart

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26
Q

What is the septum?

A

The muscular wall that separates the left and right side of the heart

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27
Q

What is the function of the right atrium?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body and head and pumps it into the right ventricle

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28
Q

What is the function of the right ventricle?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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29
Q

What is the function of the left atrium?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle

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30
Q

What is the function of the left ventricle?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body

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31
Q

What is the function of the superior vena cava?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the head to the right atrium

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32
Q

What is the function of the inferior vena cava?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium

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33
Q

Why do ventricles have thick walls and atria have thin walls?

A

Because the ventricles have to pump the most blood so they have thicker walls then the atria which just have to pump blood into the ventricles

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34
Q

What is the function of the tricuspid valve and where is it located?

A

Prevents blood from flowing back into the atrium and is located between the right atrium and right ventricle.

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35
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

A

Carries blood away from the right ventricle and to the lungs

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36
Q

What is the function of the seminar valves? Where are they located?

A

Prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles from the arteries. The aortic is located in the aorta and the pulmonary is located in the pulmonary artery.

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37
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary veins?

A

To carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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38
Q

What is the function of the bicuspid valve and where is it located?

A

Prevents blood from flowing back into the atrium and is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

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39
Q

What is the function of the aorta?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body

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40
Q

What is the function of the chordae tendinae?

A

Connective tissue that supports the AV valves

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41
Q

What is the function of the coronary arteries?

A

Supply the cardiac muscle with oxygen and nutrients

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42
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

Blood flows through the lungs for the oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange

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43
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

Blood flows to the body

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44
Q

What is the coronary circuit?

A

Blood flow to tissues of the heart

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45
Q

What do receptors in the body do?

A

Monitor the concentration of chemicals in the blood and blood pressure

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46
Q

What is the function of baroreceptors?

A

Monitor pressure in the aorta and carotid artery

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47
Q

What is the function of chemoreceptors?

A

Monitor amount of carbon dioxide in the blood

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48
Q

What is the part of the brain that manages the cardiovascular system?

A

The medulla oblongata

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49
Q

What does the parasympathetic nerve do?

A

Tells the heart to beat at a normal rate

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50
Q

What does the sympathetic nerve do?

A

Tells the heart to increase heart rate

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51
Q

What is the sinoatrial node?

A

It is a specialized area in the right atrium that causes the heart to beat approximately 70 times per minute. The pacemaker.

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52
Q

What is the sequence of events in a heart beat?

A
  1. The contraction is generated in the SA node
  2. Electrical impulses pass on both atria, causing them to simultaneously contact
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53
Q

how far is every cell in our body from a capillary?

A

approx 0.1mm

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54
Q

what fluid surrounds our cells?

A

extracellular fluid

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55
Q

what do the capillaries exchange with the extracellular fluid?

A

nutrients, gas, and waste products

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56
Q

Which two forces regulate the movement of fluid between the blood and extracellular fluid?

A

Fluid pressure and osmotic pressure.

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57
Q

What is fluid pressure

A

The pressure exerted by blood on the inside wall of the capillary

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58
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by the extracellular fluid on the outside wall of the capillary

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59
Q

True or false: fluid moves from an area of low pressure to an area of high pressure

A

False, it moves from high to low

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60
Q

How does water move from the blood into the extracellular fluid

A

On the artery end of the capillary, the fluid pressure is higher than the osmotic pressure, allowing water to move through

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61
Q

What is filteration

A

When water moves from the blood into the extracellular fluid

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62
Q

What is absorption and how does it work

A

Absorption is when water moves from the extra cellular fluid in to the capillary. On the vein end of the capillary, the osmotic pressure is greater than the fluid pressure, which allows this to happen.

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63
Q

What is the lymphatic system? And what is its purpose

A

It is a series of vessels that returns excess extracellular fluid and protein back into the blood

64
Q

True or false: lymphatic veins have valves

A

True!

65
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Enlargements of lymph vessels located at intervals. They contain white blood cells which help fight any invading microbes in our body

66
Q

What are subclavian veins

A

These veins come from your arm and are where the lymph fluid returns to the blood

67
Q

What is cardiac output

A

It is the volume of blood that flows from the heart per minute

68
Q

True or false: The right side of the heart pumps more blood than the left side.

A

False the right and left sides of the heart pump the same amount of blood

69
Q

What two factors affect cardiac output

A

Stroke volume; which is the quantity of blood pumped with each heartbeat.
Heart rate; which is the number of heartbeats per minute

70
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Heartrate (beats/min) x stroke volume (mL/beat)

71
Q

Why is it that during exercise the heart rate? And stroke volume increase?

A

To meet the increased demands for oxygen, nutrients, and waste removal

72
Q

If heart rate increases, then cardiac output…?

A

Increases

73
Q

What is blood pressure

A

Blood pressure is the force of the blood on the walls of the arteries

74
Q

How do we measure blood pressure

A

Using a sphygmomonometer.

75
Q

What is systoic pressure?

A

This pressure Is generated when the ventricles contract, which is called systole

76
Q

What is dystolic pressure

A

Dystolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries. When the heart is relaxed, this is called diastole.

77
Q

True or false. Your Blood Pressure is reported as 2 numbers diastolic over systolic.

A

False, your blood pressure is reported as two numbers systolic over diastolic.

78
Q

What is a normal blood pressure around

A

120/80

79
Q

What is blood pressure measured in

A

Units of mmHg

80
Q

Why is regulation of blood pressure necessary

A

It is necessary because both high and low blood pressures can be dangerous. High pressure can weaken an artery. And eventually result in its rupture. When Blood Pressure is too low, the brain increases sympathetic nerve singles and reduces parasympathetic nervous signals which speeds up the SA node and makes the heartbeat faster which increases the cardiac output.

81
Q

Where are blood pressure receptors located

A

In the walls of the aorta and the carotid arteries

82
Q

What is thermo regulation

A

This is the maintenance of body temperature within a range in which cells can operate normally.

83
Q

What is the body’s response to overheating caused by exercise or high environmental temperatures

A

Sensors in the brain detect rise and temperature hypothalamus, which is part of the brain, sends signals to sweatlands to produce sweat. Heat is lost through evaporation of sweat. Then the hypothalamus sends signals to the blood vessels in the skin to dilate heat is lost by the blood to air as a result, body temperature drops and sweating stops and blood vessels constrict again.

84
Q

What is the body’s response to a drop in temperature

A

Sensors to tact a drop in temperature. The hypothalamus then sends signals to skeletal muscles to contract, causing shivering heat is generated only effective for short periods of time. The hypothalamus then sends signals to blood vessels in the skin to constrict. Less heat is lost by the blood to air.

85
Q

How do nutrients get into the blood

A

Nutrients are absorbed from our digestive system, which then transfers them to the blood

86
Q

How Does oxygen get into our blood and carbon dioxide leave our blood

A

Through the lungs

87
Q

How are wastes remove from our blood

A

Through our kidneys and liver

88
Q

What is blood made up of

A

Plasma red blood cells, white blood cells. And platelets

89
Q

Where are blood sales produced

A

In the bone marrow, especially bone marrow from our vertebrae, ribs hips skull and sternum

90
Q

Plasma makes up what percent of the blood

A

55%

91
Q

What percent of plasma is water

A

90%

92
Q

What is the other 10% of plasma made up of

A

Glucose proteins, vitamins and minerals wastes and gases

93
Q

What is a stem cell

A

A cell that hasn’t fully specialized yet

94
Q

What are the smallest blood cells

A

Red blood cells

95
Q

What are red blood cells called? And how long do they live for

A

Erothrorytes, and they live up to 4 months (hundred and twenty days)

96
Q

Why do red blood cells lack nuclei and mitochondria

A

So there is more space in the red blood cell for oxygen. The mitochondria uses oxygen so they don’t have those in the cell because it would take less oxygen away from transport

97
Q

How do red blood cells produce ATP

A

By anaerobic metabolism

98
Q

Why are red blood cells a biconcave shape

A

This gives it additional surface area

99
Q

How many molecules of hemoglobin are in one red blood cell

A

Two hundred and eighty million

100
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

Oxygen carrying protein containing iron. hemo means iron containing pigment and globin means protein structure.

101
Q

What filters the blood for any damage? Red blood cells and where does this occur

A

Specialized white blood cells in the liver and spleen

102
Q

What is red blood cell production controlled by

A

The amount of oxygen reaching the body tissues

103
Q

What hormone is produced in the kidneys if the oxygen level decreases

A

Erythroproietin

104
Q

What are white blood cells called

A

Leukocytes

105
Q

What is the function of leukocytes

A

To fight infections

106
Q

How many white blood cells are in one drop of healthy blood and how long do they last

A

5000-10000 and they live 7-14 days

107
Q

What is the ratio of red to white blood cells in a healthy person

A

700:1

108
Q

True or false when we have an infection or white blood cell count increases

A

True!

109
Q

Do white blood cells have a nucleus

A

Yes!

110
Q

What are the five major types of blood cells

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes

111
Q

What are the two different types of lymphocytes

A

Type t and type b

112
Q

Do platelets have a nucleus

A

No!

113
Q

How many platelets are in one drop of blood and how long do they last

A

250000-400000 in one drop of blood and they last 8-10 days

114
Q

What is the function of platelets

A

They originate as small fragments of cytoplasm that break off from large cells. And they create blood clots

115
Q

How does blood clotting work

A

The platelets break when they hit the rough edge of a wound. Then they release a chemical called thromboplastin. thromboplastin changes prothrombin to thrombin, thrombin will react with other chemicals and change fibrimogen into fibrin. Fibrin weaves into a patch which plugs the wound.

116
Q

What type of blood is the universal recipient

A

Type AB

117
Q

What blood type has the b antigen

A

Type A

118
Q

What blood type has the a antigen

A

Type B

119
Q

What type of blood is the universal donor and contains both b and a antigens

A

Type O

120
Q

True or false only positive blood types can donate blood

A

False, only negative blood types can donate blood

121
Q

What is agglutination and what is it caused by

A

The clumping of blood cells (not clotting)

122
Q

What is the rh factor

A

In the 1940s, another antigen was discovered on red blood cells called the Rheus factor. if antigen is present, blood is said to be rh positive. if antigen is absent, blood is said to be RH negative.

123
Q

What is erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Blue baby syndrome

124
Q

What is a pathogen

A

A disease causing organism that can enter the body

125
Q

What are the body’s three lines of defense to resist infection and illness

A

Physical barriers, phagocytosis, and the inflammatory response. And the immune response

126
Q

What is a innate immune response

A

A non specific response which means that they attack any pathogen that enters the body

127
Q

What is an adaptive immune response

A

It is a specific response that targets specific pathogens that enter the body

128
Q

Are physical barriers nonspecific or specific responses

A

Nonspecific responses

129
Q

Is phagocytosis and inflammatory responses, nonspecific responses or specific responses

A

Nonspecific responses

130
Q

Is the immune response a specific response or nonspecific response

A

Specific response

131
Q

What provides a barrier that cannot be penetrated by bacteria or viruses and has an acid ph. Which inhibits bacterial growth

A

Intact skin

132
Q

What is the function of a lysozyme

A

It is an anti microbial enzyme which is a part of tears, mucus saliva and sweat. It destroys the cell membrane of bacteria.

133
Q

What parts of the respiratory trap help tract bacteria in particles and sweeps them back into the mouth where coughing can get rid of them

A

The mucus and cilia

134
Q

What in the digestive system destroys most invaders that are in food

A

Stomach acid

135
Q

Are physical barriers nonspecific or specific responses

A

Nonspecific

136
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

The ingestion of invading microbes by certain types of white blood cells

137
Q

When body cells are injured, what comes to the area to protect the body against pathogens?

A

Monocytes and Neutrophils

138
Q

What are monocytes and how do they work

A

Monocytes are a type of inflammatory response. Where they move from the capillaries into the tissues and become macrophages, these macrophages develop sticky pertus to gather microbes, they engulf the microbes and digest them using enzymes.

139
Q

What are neutrophils? And how do they work

A

Neutrophils are away of protecting the body from pathogens. They also moved to the infected area they also engulf. And digest invaders, and then they kill themselves.

140
Q

What is pus

A

Pus is a thick liquid. Composed of protein fragments from the digested white blood cells. And invading microbes.

141
Q

An inflammatory response also occurs, causing the area to…?

A

Swell up/heat up

142
Q

What chemical do injured cells release

A

Histamine

143
Q

What is the function of histamine

A

It increases blood flow to the injured area. And increases the permeability of the surrounding capillaries

144
Q

Why does the temperature of the infected area increase

A

To reduce effectiveness of the invader and helps the white blood cells work better

145
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

They are the main part of the immune response. There are 2 types, t-cells and B. Cells

146
Q

What is the function of the t-cells and where are they produced

A

T-cells are produced in the bone marrow. And are stored and mature in the thymus. Gland their function is to find the invader. And signal the attack once t-cells find the invader and identify the antigen another t-cell passes the information to the b-cells

147
Q

What do helper t cells do

A

They present infected cells to killer t cells and b cells

148
Q

What do killer t cells do

A

They cause lysis of the infected cell

149
Q

What do suppressor t cells do

A

Once the invader is removed, the suppressor t-cells turn the immune system off

150
Q

What is the function of the b-cells and where are they produced

A

Their function is to produce antibodies like proteins and attached to antigens. They are made in the bone marrow. Each b cell produces a specific antibody.

151
Q

How are antibodies shaped

A

They are y shaped and designed to target foreign invaders

152
Q

True or false. The antibodies tails are always constant

A

True

153
Q

What is a macrophage? And how do they work

A

A macrophage is an antigen presenting cell. They attack the invader and engulf and digest them

154
Q

What is a memory b cell

A

They are these cells that remain afterwards to protect against other infection of the invader. This is the reason why vaccines are effective.

155
Q

What is a angeoplasty

A

A procedure done to remove blocks from arteries. The blockage is caused by fats

Bio 20 (6 decks)

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