Circulatory System Flashcards
Human Systems Unit
1
Q
Which way do the arteries carry blood?
A
Away from the heart
2
Q
Why do arteries have thick walls?
A
So they can withstand the high blood pressure
3
Q
What 3 layers make up the artery walls?
A
- Inner layer
- Smooth muscle layer
- Connective tissue layer
4
Q
Arteries get smaller and become….?
A
Artieroles
5
Q
What is a pulse?
A
What you feel in your wrist or neck when your artery expands as the blood flows through it
6
Q
What controls the size of your arteries? How?
A
The autonomic nervous system by causing the muscle layer to expand or contract
7
Q
What is Vasodilation?
A
Refers to the relaxation of the muscle layer which expands the size of the artery
8
Q
What is vasoconstriction?
A
Refers to the contraction of the muscle layer which decreases the size of the artery
9
Q
Arterioles branch into…?
A
Capillaries
10
Q
What is the function of the spincter muscles?
A
They control the flow of blood from arterioles into capillaries
11
Q
How many layers of cells are in a capillary?
A
1
12
Q
What exchange happens in the capillaries?
A
Fluid and Gas exchange between blood and body cells
13
Q
How does oxygen diffuse into the blood?
A
They diffuse into the surrounding tissues through the thin walls of the capillaries into the body cells
14
Q
Why are capillary beds easily destroyed?
A
Because they are only 1 cell thick
15
Q
Capillaries merge and become progressively larger vessels called…?
A
Venues (tiny veins)
16
Q
Venues come together to form what?
A
Veins
17
Q
Do arteries or veins have thicker walls? Why?
A
Arteries because they carry blood away from the heart which has a higher blood pressure then blood coming back to the heart
18
Q
How are veins able to push the blood back to the heart despite having a very low blood pressure?
A
Through the use of one-way valves which force the blood to keep moving along
19
Q
What is the function of the skeletal muscles?
A
They help squeeze veins and push the blood along them
20
Q
Where are the carotid artery and the jugular vein located in the body?
A
On the right side of the neck
21
Q
How big is the heart?
A
The size of your fist
22
Q
Where is the heart located?
A
Directly behind the sternum, between the lungs
23
Q
What is the heart surrounded by?
A
The pericardium which is a liquid filled sac. Peri means around, and cardium means the heart
24
Q
What muscle makes up the majority of the heart?
A
The myocardium. Myo means muscle and cardium means heart
25
What is the inner lining of the heart called?
The endocardium. Endo means inside and cardium means the heart
26
What is the septum?
The muscular wall that separates the left and right side of the heart
27
What is the function of the right atrium?
Receives deoxygenated blood from the body and head and pumps it into the right ventricle
28
What is the function of the right ventricle?
Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
29
What is the function of the left atrium?
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle
30
What is the function of the left ventricle?
Pumps oxygenated blood to the body
31
What is the function of the superior vena cava?
Carries deoxygenated blood from the head to the right atrium
32
What is the function of the inferior vena cava?
Carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium
33
Why do ventricles have thick walls and atria have thin walls?
Because the ventricles have to pump the most blood so they have thicker walls then the atria which just have to pump blood into the ventricles
34
What is the function of the tricuspid valve and where is it located?
Prevents blood from flowing back into the atrium and is located between the right atrium and right ventricle.
35
What is the function of the pulmonary artery?
Carries blood away from the right ventricle and to the lungs
36
What is the function of the seminar valves? Where are they located?
Prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles from the arteries. The aortic is located in the aorta and the pulmonary is located in the pulmonary artery.
37
What is the function of the pulmonary veins?
To carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
38
What is the function of the bicuspid valve and where is it located?
Prevents blood from flowing back into the atrium and is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
39
What is the function of the aorta?
Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body
40
What is the function of the chordae tendinae?
Connective tissue that supports the AV valves
41
What is the function of the coronary arteries?
Supply the cardiac muscle with oxygen and nutrients
42
What is the pulmonary circuit?
Blood flows through the lungs for the oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange
43
What is the systemic circuit?
Blood flows to the body
44
What is the coronary circuit?
Blood flow to tissues of the heart
45
What do receptors in the body do?
Monitor the concentration of chemicals in the blood and blood pressure
46
What is the function of baroreceptors?
Monitor pressure in the aorta and carotid artery
47
What is the function of chemoreceptors?
Monitor amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
48
What is the part of the brain that manages the cardiovascular system?
The medulla oblongata
49
What does the parasympathetic nerve do?
Tells the heart to beat at a normal rate
50
What does the sympathetic nerve do?
Tells the heart to increase heart rate
51
What is the sinoatrial node?
It is a specialized area in the right atrium that causes the heart to beat approximately 70 times per minute. The pacemaker.
52
What is the sequence of events in a heart beat?
1. The contraction is generated in the SA node
2. Electrical impulses pass on both atria, causing them to simultaneously contact
53
how far is every cell in our body from a capillary?
approx 0.1mm
54
what fluid surrounds our cells?
extracellular fluid
55
what do the capillaries exchange with the extracellular fluid?
nutrients, gas, and waste products
56
Which two forces regulate the movement of fluid between the blood and extracellular fluid?
Fluid pressure and osmotic pressure.
57
What is fluid pressure
The pressure exerted by blood on the inside wall of the capillary
58
What is osmotic pressure?
The pressure exerted by the extracellular fluid on the outside wall of the capillary
59
True or false: fluid moves from an area of low pressure to an area of high pressure
False, it moves from high to low
60
How does water move from the blood into the extracellular fluid
On the artery end of the capillary, the fluid pressure is higher than the osmotic pressure, allowing water to move through
61
What is filteration
When water moves from the blood into the extracellular fluid
62
What is absorption and how does it work
Absorption is when water moves from the extra cellular fluid in to the capillary. On the vein end of the capillary, the osmotic pressure is greater than the fluid pressure, which allows this to happen.
63
What is the lymphatic system? And what is its purpose
It is a series of vessels that returns excess extracellular fluid and protein back into the blood
64
True or false: lymphatic veins have valves
True!
65
What are lymph nodes?
Enlargements of lymph vessels located at intervals. They contain white blood cells which help fight any invading microbes in our body
66
What are subclavian veins
These veins come from your arm and are where the lymph fluid returns to the blood
67
What is cardiac output
It is the volume of blood that flows from the heart per minute
68
True or false: The right side of the heart pumps more blood than the left side.
False the right and left sides of the heart pump the same amount of blood
69
What two factors affect cardiac output
Stroke volume; which is the quantity of blood pumped with each heartbeat.
Heart rate; which is the number of heartbeats per minute
70
How do you calculate cardiac output?
Heartrate (beats/min) x stroke volume (mL/beat)
71
Why is it that during exercise the heart rate? And stroke volume increase?
To meet the increased demands for oxygen, nutrients, and waste removal
72
If heart rate increases, then cardiac output...?
Increases
73
What is blood pressure
Blood pressure is the force of the blood on the walls of the arteries
74
How do we measure blood pressure
Using a sphygmomonometer.
75
What is systoic pressure?
This pressure Is generated when the ventricles contract, which is called systole
76
What is dystolic pressure
Dystolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries. When the heart is relaxed, this is called diastole.
77
True or false. Your Blood Pressure is reported as 2 numbers diastolic over systolic.
False, your blood pressure is reported as two numbers systolic over diastolic.
78
What is a normal blood pressure around
120/80
79
What is blood pressure measured in
Units of mmHg
80
Why is regulation of blood pressure necessary
It is necessary because both high and low blood pressures can be dangerous. High pressure can weaken an artery. And eventually result in its rupture. When Blood Pressure is too low, the brain increases sympathetic nerve singles and reduces parasympathetic nervous signals which speeds up the SA node and makes the heartbeat faster which increases the cardiac output.
81
Where are blood pressure receptors located
In the walls of the aorta and the carotid arteries
82
What is thermo regulation
This is the maintenance of body temperature within a range in which cells can operate normally.
83
What is the body's response to overheating caused by exercise or high environmental temperatures
Sensors in the brain detect rise and temperature hypothalamus, which is part of the brain, sends signals to sweatlands to produce sweat. Heat is lost through evaporation of sweat. Then the hypothalamus sends signals to the blood vessels in the skin to dilate heat is lost by the blood to air as a result, body temperature drops and sweating stops and blood vessels constrict again.
84
What is the body's response to a drop in temperature
Sensors to tact a drop in temperature. The hypothalamus then sends signals to skeletal muscles to contract, causing shivering heat is generated only effective for short periods of time. The hypothalamus then sends signals to blood vessels in the skin to constrict. Less heat is lost by the blood to air.
85
How do nutrients get into the blood
Nutrients are absorbed from our digestive system, which then transfers them to the blood
86
How Does oxygen get into our blood and carbon dioxide leave our blood
Through the lungs
87
How are wastes remove from our blood
Through our kidneys and liver
88
What is blood made up of
Plasma red blood cells, white blood cells. And platelets
89
Where are blood sales produced
In the bone marrow, especially bone marrow from our vertebrae, ribs hips skull and sternum
90
Plasma makes up what percent of the blood
55%
91
What percent of plasma is water
90%
92
What is the other 10% of plasma made up of
Glucose proteins, vitamins and minerals wastes and gases
93
What is a stem cell
A cell that hasn't fully specialized yet
94
What are the smallest blood cells
Red blood cells
95
What are red blood cells called? And how long do they live for
Erothrorytes, and they live up to 4 months (hundred and twenty days)
96
Why do red blood cells lack nuclei and mitochondria
So there is more space in the red blood cell for oxygen. The mitochondria uses oxygen so they don't have those in the cell because it would take less oxygen away from transport
97
How do red blood cells produce ATP
By anaerobic metabolism
98
Why are red blood cells a biconcave shape
This gives it additional surface area
99
How many molecules of hemoglobin are in one red blood cell
Two hundred and eighty million
100
What is hemoglobin
Oxygen carrying protein containing iron. hemo means iron containing pigment and globin means protein structure.
101
What filters the blood for any damage? Red blood cells and where does this occur
Specialized white blood cells in the liver and spleen
102
What is red blood cell production controlled by
The amount of oxygen reaching the body tissues
103
What hormone is produced in the kidneys if the oxygen level decreases
Erythroproietin
104
What are white blood cells called
Leukocytes
105
What is the function of leukocytes
To fight infections
106
How many white blood cells are in one drop of healthy blood and how long do they last
5000-10000 and they live 7-14 days
107
What is the ratio of red to white blood cells in a healthy person
700:1
108
True or false when we have an infection or white blood cell count increases
True!
109
Do white blood cells have a nucleus
Yes!
110
What are the five major types of blood cells
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes
111
What are the two different types of lymphocytes
Type t and type b
112
Do platelets have a nucleus
No!
113
How many platelets are in one drop of blood and how long do they last
250000-400000 in one drop of blood and they last 8-10 days
114
What is the function of platelets
They originate as small fragments of cytoplasm that break off from large cells. And they create blood clots
115
How does blood clotting work
The platelets break when they hit the rough edge of a wound. Then they release a chemical called thromboplastin. thromboplastin changes prothrombin to thrombin, thrombin will react with other chemicals and change fibrimogen into fibrin. Fibrin weaves into a patch which plugs the wound.
116
What type of blood is the universal recipient
Type AB
117
What blood type has the b antigen
Type A
118
What blood type has the a antigen
Type B
119
What type of blood is the universal donor and contains both b and a antigens
Type O
120
True or false only positive blood types can donate blood
False, only negative blood types can donate blood
121
What is agglutination and what is it caused by
The clumping of blood cells (not clotting)
122
What is the rh factor
In the 1940s, another antigen was discovered on red blood cells called the Rheus factor. if antigen is present, blood is said to be rh positive. if antigen is absent, blood is said to be RH negative.
123
What is erythroblastosis fetalis
Blue baby syndrome
124
What is a pathogen
A disease causing organism that can enter the body
125
What are the body's three lines of defense to resist infection and illness
Physical barriers, phagocytosis, and the inflammatory response. And the immune response
126
What is a innate immune response
A non specific response which means that they attack any pathogen that enters the body
127
What is an adaptive immune response
It is a specific response that targets specific pathogens that enter the body
128
Are physical barriers nonspecific or specific responses
Nonspecific responses
129
Is phagocytosis and inflammatory responses, nonspecific responses or specific responses
Nonspecific responses
130
Is the immune response a specific response or nonspecific response
Specific response
131
What provides a barrier that cannot be penetrated by bacteria or viruses and has an acid ph. Which inhibits bacterial growth
Intact skin
132
What is the function of a lysozyme
It is an anti microbial enzyme which is a part of tears, mucus saliva and sweat. It destroys the cell membrane of bacteria.
133
What parts of the respiratory trap help tract bacteria in particles and sweeps them back into the mouth where coughing can get rid of them
The mucus and cilia
134
What in the digestive system destroys most invaders that are in food
Stomach acid
135
Are physical barriers nonspecific or specific responses
Nonspecific
136
What is phagocytosis
The ingestion of invading microbes by certain types of white blood cells
137
When body cells are injured, what comes to the area to protect the body against pathogens?
Monocytes and Neutrophils
138
What are monocytes and how do they work
Monocytes are a type of inflammatory response. Where they move from the capillaries into the tissues and become macrophages, these macrophages develop sticky pertus to gather microbes, they engulf the microbes and digest them using enzymes.
139
What are neutrophils? And how do they work
Neutrophils are away of protecting the body from pathogens. They also moved to the infected area they also engulf. And digest invaders, and then they kill themselves.
140
What is pus
Pus is a thick liquid. Composed of protein fragments from the digested white blood cells. And invading microbes.
141
An inflammatory response also occurs, causing the area to...?
Swell up/heat up
142
What chemical do injured cells release
Histamine
143
What is the function of histamine
It increases blood flow to the injured area. And increases the permeability of the surrounding capillaries
144
Why does the temperature of the infected area increase
To reduce effectiveness of the invader and helps the white blood cells work better
145
What are lymphocytes
They are the main part of the immune response. There are 2 types, t-cells and B. Cells
146
What is the function of the t-cells and where are they produced
T-cells are produced in the bone marrow. And are stored and mature in the thymus. Gland their function is to find the invader. And signal the attack once t-cells find the invader and identify the antigen another t-cell passes the information to the b-cells
147
What do helper t cells do
They present infected cells to killer t cells and b cells
148
What do killer t cells do
They cause lysis of the infected cell
149
What do suppressor t cells do
Once the invader is removed, the suppressor t-cells turn the immune system off
150
What is the function of the b-cells and where are they produced
Their function is to produce antibodies like proteins and attached to antigens. They are made in the bone marrow. Each b cell produces a specific antibody.
151
How are antibodies shaped
They are y shaped and designed to target foreign invaders
152
True or false. The antibodies tails are always constant
True
153
What is a macrophage? And how do they work
A macrophage is an antigen presenting cell. They attack the invader and engulf and digest them
154
What is a memory b cell
They are these cells that remain afterwards to protect against other infection of the invader. This is the reason why vaccines are effective.
155
What is a angeoplasty
A procedure done to remove blocks from arteries. The blockage is caused by fats
