Respiratory System

Question 1

Elastic recoil of the lungs allows expiration to be _______.

Answer 1

Passive

Question 2

Discuss the 2 functions of air conditioning of the respiratory system.

Answer 2

• Inspired air is filtered to prevent entry of pathogens or irritants
• Inspired air is warmed and humidified to promote gas exchange and to prevent tissue damage (drying) due to cold air or desiccation

Question 3

Discuss the histology of the 2 different types of respiratory epithelia

Answer 3

Respiratory Epithelia
• Conducting Portion
– pseudostratified columnar with cilia

• Gas Exchange
– simple squamous

Question 4

Brush cells are _____ & they may initiate the _____ _____.

Answer 4

Sensory

Cough reflex

Question 5

Granule cells are _______, they regulate ______.

Answer 5

Neuroendocrine

Secretions

Question 6

What is the function of respiratory cilia?

Answer 6

They all beat coordinatedly in same direction @ the same time (not randomly)–they participate in the mucociliary elevator a very important host defense function.

Question 7

Goblet cells produce____, they _____ particles & send them up the respiratory tract so you can either swallow them or spit them out.

Answer 7

mucous

trap

Question 8

Discuss Kartagener syndrome

Answer 8

dynein dysfunction = no ciliary beating = respiratory infections

Question 9

Name the structures that make the conducting portion of the respiratory system

Answer 9

Conducting Portion
• Nasal Cavity 
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Terminal & Regular Bronchioles

Question 10

Vibrissae = ______ have an important ____ ____ ___. It is the _____ line of defense vs particles.

Answer 10

nose hair

host defense function

first

Question 11

Inspired air flows through the 3 _____.

Answer 11

Meati (superior, middle, & inferior meatus)

Question 12

Discuss 2 major functions of all 3 nasal meati & conchae.

Descibe the epithelium of the superior, middle, & inferior conchae.

Answer 12

• Dense venous plexus – warmth & humidity

• Inferior& Middle
– ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithlium

• Superior
– olfactory epithelium

Question 13

Blood & air current in the nose travel in _______ directions to exchange ______.

Answer 13

opposite

heat/ air also gains moisture (warmed & humidified)

Question 14

Olfactory epithelium, unlike respiratory epithelium is covered with _______.

Answer 14

Microvilli

Question 15

The olfactory gland or bowman’s gland in the ____ meatus. It produces a _______ that helps with olfaction

Answer 15

superior meatus

sectretion

Question 16

The _______ connects the airways of the nose to the back of the mouth. After that, air travels into the _______.

Answer 16

The pharynx connects the airways of the nose to the back of the mouth. After that, air travels into the larynx.

Question 17

The larynx connects the pharynx to the ______.

Answer 17

trachea

Question 18

Epiglottis prevents food from entering the _____.

Answer 18

trachea

Question 19

Vocal cords are lined with _________ epithelium to prevent damage via abrasion from air. It has the ______ vocal ligament & the vocalis muscle, which is ______ muscle.

Answer 19

stratified squamous epithelium

fibroelastic

skeletal muscle

Question 20

_ lobar bronchi in right lung, _ in left lung

Answer 20

3 lobar bronchi in right lung, 2 in left lung

Question 21

Trachea has regular, ______ rings, but the bonchi have _________ rings & ______ muscle (for constriction & dilation).

Answer 21

C shaped

irregular

smooth

Question 22

In bronchioles, there is ____ cartalidge. Therefore, the smooth muscle there is responsible for most of the regulation of ventilation.

Answer 22

no

Question 23

In bronchioles, _____ cells do the secretions when there are no goblet cells present & the epithelial transition to _____

Answer 23

Clara

ciliated simple columnar or cuboidal

Question 24

Name the parts of the respiratory portion , it is the place where gas exchange ______.

Answer 24

Occurs

Respiratory Portion
• Respiratory Bronchioles
• Alveolar 
– Ducts
– Sacs
– Alveoli

Question 25

Alveolar duct is lined with ________ epithelium. Are there cilia or clara cells?

Answer 25

simple squamous

NO cilia or clara cells

Question 26

Describe the function of alveolar cusps

Answer 26

At commonalveolar openings (sacs, ducts), there are knoblike projects containing innervated smooth muscle for regulation of pulmonary ventilation

Question 27

Alveolar ____ become alveolar _____.

Answer 27

Alveolar ducts become alveolar sacs

Question 28

Alveoli have a large ______ for gas exchange. Therefore, the alveolar septum is very ______.

Answer 28

surface area

thin

Question 29

The entire wall of the alveolus is loaded with _________.

Answer 29

capillaries

Question 30

What is the difference between type 1 & 2 alveolar cells.

Answer 30

• Type II
– surfactant source
– regenerative (it undergoes mitosis & can make type 1)

• Type I
– 8% by number, 97% by surface area = soccer field surface area
- Huge surface area since all gas exchange occurs here only

Question 31

Alveolar macrophages or dust cells are the _______ line of host defense.

Answer 31

last line

Question 32

Discuss alveolar lung tissue

Answer 32

type III collagen

elastic fibers

proteoglycans

Question 33

Pores of Kohn are _____ between the alveoli, what is their function?

Answer 33

holes

– equalize air pressure between alveoli, which prevents alveoli from popping
– promotes collateral air circulation

Question 34

Describe the Nutrient (systemic) & the Functional (pulmonary) circulations of th lung

Answer 34

Nutrient (systemic):
– Brings oxygen and nutrients to lung tissue
– Found in submucosa

Functional (pulmonary):
– Blood from pulmonary artery to be oxygenated