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Microscopic Anatomy Unit 4 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory system components

A
  • conduits for air passage
  • muscle and CT for movement of gases
  • gas exchange tissues
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2
Q

respiratory system function

A

conduction of air

  • conditioning of air
  • gas exchange
  • host defense
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3
Q

inspiration

A
  • lung inflates and has neg pressure

- active at rest through contraction of external intercostals and diaphragm

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4
Q

expiration

A
  • deflates lung and pressure becomes pos

- passive at rest through the elastic recoil properties of the connective tissue in the lungs and chest wall

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5
Q

air conditioning

A
  • inspired air is filtered to prevent entry of pathogens or irritants
  • inspired air is warmed and humidified to promote gas exchange and to prevent tissue damage due to cold air or desiccation
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6
Q

gas exchange

A
  • highly specialized epithelia
  • maximize SA
  • minimize diffusion distance
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7
Q

respiratory epithelia

A
  • conduction portion is pseudostratified columnar with cilia-extend to apical lumen
  • gas exchange is simple squamous
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8
Q

respiratory epithelia 2

A
  • ciliated psuedostratified columnar cells to apical lumen
  • mucous goblet cells-to apical lumen
  • brush cells-sensory receptors-to lumen-have micro-vili not cilia
  • basal cells regenerate
  • granule cells are neuroendocrine
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9
Q

mucociliary elevator

A
  • coordinated beating of cilia toward exit
  • particles trapped in mucous floating on aq layer
  • cilia deeper in resp tract that goblet cells to prevent retrograde cells
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10
Q

kartagener syndrome

A
  • dynein dysfunction
  • no ciliary beating
  • resp infections
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11
Q

conducting portion

A
  • nasal cavity
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles-regular and terminal
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12
Q

nasal cavity-vestibule

A
  • transition from keritinized to resp epithelium
  • sebaceous and sweat glands
  • vibrissae for filtration
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13
Q

nasal cavity-fossae

A
  • chambers in skull separated by septum
  • 3 conchae-bony projections covered with epithelium
  • 3 meati-spaces between conchae
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14
Q

nasal meati and conchae

A
  • dense venous plexus-warmth and humidity
  • inferior and middle-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • superior has olfactory epithelium
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15
Q

countercurrent exchange

A
  • blood gives heat and goes toward cold
  • air gains heat and goes to hot
  • heat exchange the whole time
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16
Q

olfactory epithelium

A
  • 10 sq cm of supperior conchae
  • supporting cells
  • olfactory cells
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17
Q

supporting cells of olfactory epi

A

microvilli not cilia, apical nuclei

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18
Q

olfactory cells

A

-bipolar neurons, basal nuclei

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19
Q

basal cells in olfactory epi

A

-basal cells, regenerative cells, basal layer

20
Q

paranasal sinus

A
  • chambers in bones of skull lined with respiratory epithelium
  • connected to nasal cavity via small passages
21
Q

larynx

A
  • connects pharynx and trachea
  • epiglottis prevents food entering trachea
  • vocal cords permit phonation
  • vestibular fold
  • true vocal fold
22
Q

vestibular fold

A
  • false vocal cord
  • respiratory epithelium
  • serous glands in the lamina propria
  • lie superior to vocal cords
  • no dense ligaments or skeletal muscle
23
Q

true vocal cords

A
  • phonation
  • vocal ligament-fibroelastic
  • vocalis muscle-skeletal
  • stratified squamous epithelium-abrasion resistance
24
Q

laryngeal cartilage

A
  • thyroid
  • cricoid
  • subject to calcification
25
Q

trachea

A
  • 10 cm tube connecting larynx and bonchi
  • ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • goblet cells, mixed serous and mucous glands
  • limited elastic fibers
  • 16-20 incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage connected dorsally by smooth muscle and fibroelastic ligament
26
Q

bronchi

A
  • one primary bronchi per side
  • 3 lobar bronchi in R 2 in L
  • branches of lobar are small bronchi
  • histologically similar to trachea but cartilage is irregular and smooth muscle in irregular bands
  • postmortem constriction of smooth muscle induces folds
27
Q

conducting bronchioles

A
  • regular and terminal
  • no cartilage
  • epithelial transition to ciliated simple columnar/cuboidal
  • increase in smooth muscle for ventilation control
  • few goblet cells/glands
  • clara cells take over secretory function
  • regular are mostly columnar with folded intima
  • terminal are cuboidal with no folding
28
Q

respiratory portion

A
  • respiratory bronchioles

- alveolar ducts, sacs, alveoli

29
Q

respiratory bronchiole

A
  • histologically identical to terminal bronchiole-some cilia remain on cuboidal epithelium
  • outpockets of alveoli in bronchiolar walls permits gas exchange
30
Q

alveolar ducts

A
  • air passage completely lined with alveolar openings
  • simple squamous epithelium
  • no cilia or clara cells
  • alveolar sacs are common space shared by multiple alveolar openings
31
Q

alveolar cusps

A
  • at common alveolar openings (sacs, ducts)

- there are knoblike projects containing innervated smooth muscle for regulation of pulmonary ventilation

32
Q

alveolar septum

A
  • 300 million alveoli
  • 150 sq meters of gas exchange surface
  • highly specialized epithelium
33
Q

diffusion path for gas in

A
  • surfactant
  • epithelium-two membranes and cytoplasm
  • epithelial basal lamina
  • endothelial basal lamina (fused as one BM)
  • endothelium (2 membranes and cytoplasm)
  • RBC membrane
34
Q

type II alveolar cells

A
  • surfactant source

- regenerative

35
Q

alveolar cells

A
  • type II
  • type I
  • endothelial
  • dust
  • RBC
  • fibroblasts, mast cells
36
Q

type I alveolar cells

A

-8% by number, 97% by SA

37
Q

alveolar macrophage

A
  • dust cells
  • found from capillary to alveolar space
  • bone marrow in origin, differentiate on site
  • critical to host defense against inspired pathogens or irritants
38
Q

acellular alveolar features

A
  • acellular interstitium

- pores of kohn

39
Q

acellular interstitium

A
  • type III collagen, elastic fibers, proteoglycans

- critical for pulmonary mechanics

40
Q

pores of kohn

A
  • equalize air pressure between alveoli

- promotes collateral air circulation

41
Q

pulmonary circulation

A
  • nutrient-systemic-brings oxygen and nutrients to lung tissue, found in submucosa
  • functional, pulmonary-blood from pulm artery to be oxygenated, thin walled, low P, follows bronchial tree, branches to capillaries at sites of gas exchange
42
Q

pulmonary host defense-acid base balance

A

-acid base balance- regulate CO2, short term pH regulator

43
Q

metabolic defense

A
  • pulmonary capillary endothelium
  • inactivate bradykinin, serotonin, Ach
  • convert angiotensin I to II
44
Q

immunogenic defense

A

-cellular
-vibrissae, muco-ciliary elevator
-alveolar macrophages
humoral:
BALT-bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
-immunoglobulins A and E
-monitor for specific antigens in the resp tree- mast cells reactive to allergens

45
Q

pleura

A
  • serous membrane which encapsulates entire lung
  • fusion of parietal and visceral layers at hilus
  • mesothelial layer
46
Q

innervation

A
  • both SNS and PNS
  • regulation of bronchial dilation-ventilation
  • poorly localized pain responses

Microscopic Anatomy Unit 4 (3 decks)

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