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CBIO 2210 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory System

A

series of tubes that deliver air to and from lungs

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2
Q

The respiratory system sends oxygen ____ blood and CO2 _____ blood.

A

to; from

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3
Q

4 Functions of the Respiratory System

A
  1. gas exchange for aerobic respiration
  2. gas exchange for acid-base balance (pH)
  3. olfaction (sense of smell)
  4. communication
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4
Q

Most ATP synthesis requires ____ and produces ____.

A

O2; CO2

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5
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen

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6
Q

What system also helps regulate acid-base balance (pH)?

A

urinary system

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7
Q

Does CO2 in blood increase or decrease pH?

A

DECREASE

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8
Q

How is the respiratory system relevant to communication?

A
  • speech and other vocalizations
  • specialty of larynx
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9
Q

What is alveolar gas exchange?

A

swapping of O2 and CO2 across respiratory membrane

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10
Q

How do gases diffuse during alveolar gas exchange?

A

driven by partial pressure (conc) gradients

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11
Q

In alveolar gas exchange, ___ diffuses into blood and ___ diffuses into alveolus.

A

O2; CO2

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12
Q

What is the meaning of “Loading?”

A

movement of gas INTO blood

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13
Q

What is the meaning of “Unloading?”

A

movement of gas OUT of blood

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14
Q

What is another term for pulmonary ventilation?

A

breathing!

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15
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

repetitive cycle of inspiration and expiration

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16
Q

Hyperventilation

A

increased breathing rate in excess of metabolic demand

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17
Q

Hyperventilation expels excessive ____.

A

CO2

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18
Q

What is happening to the arteries during hyperventilation?

A

they constrict

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19
Q

Quiet respiration is also called ________.

A

eupnea

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20
Q

What is quiet respiration?

A

breathing while at rest

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21
Q

True or False: Quiet Respiration is voluntary.

A

FALSE; its effortless, automatic

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22
Q

Forced Respiration

A

deep, potentially rapid breathing

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23
Q

True or False: Forced Respiration is voluntary.

A

TRUE

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24
Q

Where is the major pressure gradient that drives breathing?

A

between air in our lungs & air outside body

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25
Lung pressure is _____ atmospheric pressure during inspiration.
less than
26
Lung pressure is ____ atmospheric pressure during expiration.
greater than
27
At a constant temperature, the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume.
Boyle's Law
28
Boyle's Law
high pressure = low volume
29
Respiratory muscles change lung _______.
volume
30
What is the main muscle of respiration?
diaphragm
31
Contraction of diaphragm _____ thoracic cavity.
enlarges
32
Relaxation of diaphragm _____ the lungs.
compresses
33
What muscles are responsible for Eupnea?
1. diaphragm 2. internal & external intercostal muscles
34
What muscles act ONLY in forced respiration?
1. sternocleidomastoid 2. scalenes 3/4. pectoralis major and minor 5. serratus anterior 6. erector spinae 7. abdominal muscles
35
What are Pleurae?
serous membranes lining lungs and thoracic cavity
36
What is parietal pleura attached to?
ribs, thoracic wall
37
What is the visceral pleura attached to?
lungs
38
Interpleural Space
thin, filled with serous fluid- adheres to pleurae
39
4 Steps of Inspiration
1. diaphragm contracts, flattens 2. intercostal muscles elevate ribs, pulling pleurae upward 3. alveoli stretched outward, lungs expand to 500mL 4. 500mL of air enters (tidal vol)
40
4 Steps of Expiration
1. respiratory muscles relax 2. thoracic cage goes through elastic recoil 3. recoil compresses lungs 4. air flows out: 500mL (tidal vol)
41
Conscious/forced control of breathing comes from the ______.
cerebrum
42
Unconscious/automatic control of breathing comes from the _____.
brainstem
43
During voluntary control, motor cortex of cerebrum sends _____ signals.
efferent
44
Corticospinal tracts bypass brainstem respiratory centers to neurons in _______.
spinal cord
45
When do automatic controls override voluntary controls?
when CO2 levels get too high
46
What are the 2 Medulla Respiratory Centers?
1. Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) 2. Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
47
What center is the primary generator of respiratory rhythm?
VRG
48
Which center helps modify rate and depth of breathing?
DRG
49
Which center receives inputs from external sources?
DRG
50
The VRG generates a rate of ____ breaths per minute.
12
51
What is the one pair of Pons respiratory center called?
Pontine Respiratory Group
52
Which center helps modify rate of breathing and sends efferent signals to VRG & DRG?
Pontine Respiratory group
53
Which center is responsible for adapting breathing to circumstances like sleeping, exercise, vocalization, and emotional responses?
pontine
54
Blood 02 has a ____ effect on breathing rate.
minor
55
Blood CO2 has a ____ effect on breathing rate.
medium
56
Blood pH has a ____ effect on breathing rate.
large
57
What blood chemical effects breathing rate most?
blood pH
58
What pH is considered acidosis?
less than 7.35
59
What usually causes acidosis?
hypercapnia
60
What is hypercapnia?
high blood CO2
61
How is acidosis corrected?
hyperventilation
62
What pH is considered alkalosis?
greater than 7.45
63
What is the cause of alkalosis?
hypocapnia
64
What is hypocapnia?
low blood Co2
65
How can alkalosis be corrected?
hypoventilation
66
98.5% of oxygen is transported in _______.
hemoglobin (Hb)
67
2 ways oxygen is transported:
- in hemoglobin (mostly) - in plasma
68
How is CO2 transported?
- 90% as carbonic acid/bicarbonate - 5% bound to proteins - 5% in plasma
69
H2CO3
carbonic acid
70
HCO3-
bicarbonate
71
CO2 conversion:
CO2 + H20 <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+
72
What are carbamino compounds?
CO2 binds to amino groups of proteins
73
HbCO2
carbaminohemoglobin
74
What occurs during systemic gas exchange?
blood unloads O2 and loads CO2 at systemic capillaries
75
During systemic gas exchange CO2 is diffusing _______.
into blood/RBCs
76
In systemic gas exchange what generates bicarbonate by catalyzing the reaction?
carbonic anhydrase (CAH)
77
CO2 Systemic Gas Exchange Rxn:
CO2 + H20 -> H2CO3 -> HCO3- + H+
78
What mechanism ensures the conversion of CO2 in systemic gas exchange?
Chloride shift
79
What occurs during the chloride shift?
HCO3- leaves RBC, Cl- enters
80
During CO2 loading in systemic gas exchange, what ion binds to hemoglobin?
H+
81
H+ binds to HBO2 which _______ its affinity for 02.
reduces
82
How much O2 is released during O2 Unloading?
22%
83
What is the utilization coefficient?
% of O2 delivered to tissues by Hb
84
Utilization Coefficient = _____ at rest.
22%
85
What is the venous reserve?
amount of 02 remaining in blood after systemic capillaries
86
What occurs during alveolar gas exchange?
blood unloads CO2 and loads 02 at pulmonary capillaries
87
During O2 loading in alveolar gas exchange, PO2 is ____ at alveoli.
high
88
O2 binds to what molecule during alveolar exchange?
hemoglobin
89
In systemic, Hb has lower affinity for ______.
O2
90
In alveolar, Hb has lower affinity for ______.
H+
91
Reverse Chloride shift occurs in what type of gas exchange?
alveolar
92
What is occuring during the reverse cl shift?
HCO3- diffuses back into RBC and Cl- goes out
93
Why does hemoglobin adjusts O2 unloading?
to match metabolic needs of tissues
94
Bohr Effect
- lower blood pH favors O2 release from Hb - high CO2 lowers pH of blood
95
Ambient PO2 =
- active tissue has lower PO2 - more O2 released from Hb
96
Ambient PCO2 =
- active tissue has higher CO2 - high CO2 lower pH of blood - lower blood pH favors O2 release from Hb
97
Relationship b/w temperature and active tissue
active tissue has higher temp
98
Higher temperature favors __ release from Hb.
O2
99
What is the Haldane Effect?
- CO2 loading adjusts to meet needs - low HbO2 enables blood to transport more CO2

CBIO 2210 (5 decks)

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