Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
What is the reproductive system responsible for?
A
- passing genes to next gen
- developing secondary sexual characteristics
2
Q
When do secondary sexual characteristics appear?
A
puberty/sexual maturity
3
Q
What distinguishes sexes, influences mate attraction , and are a signal of sexual maturity?
A
secondary sexual characteristics
4
Q
Examples of secondary sexual characteristics
A
female: breasts, wider pelvis
male: body/facial hair
5
Q
True/False: Male and female reproductive systems originate from same structure, but develops significant differences.
A
true
6
Q
What is another name for primary sex organs?
A
gonads
7
Q
What is the purpose of gonads?
A
produce gametes
8
Q
What is a gamete?
A
haploid germ/sex cells
9
Q
What are the 2 types of gamete?
A
- ovum (egg)
- sperm (spermatozoa)
10
Q
How does a gamete become a baby?
A
ovum + sperm cell fuse and form diploid zygote > embryo > fetus > baby
11
Q
What are the primary male sex organ?
A
testes
12
Q
What are the primary female sex organ?
A
ovaries
13
Q
Are secondary sex organs necessary for reproduction?
A
yes!
14
Q
What are the male secondary sex organs?
A
ducts delivering sperm, glands producing semen
15
Q
What are the female secondary sex organs?
A
uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
16
Q
To fertilize a male, the sperm must have what?
A
Y chromosome
17
Q
What is sperm?
A
gamete with motility (male)
18
Q
What is an ovum?
A
immobile, large, contains nutrients for developing embryo
19
Q
To fertilize a female, the sperm must have what?
A
absence of Y chromosome
20
Q
What are the 2 gonadotropin hormones?
A
FSH and LH
21
Q
What do gonadotropin hormones target?
A
gonads
22
Q
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone function in females
A
stimulates development of ovarian follicles
23
Q
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone function in males
A
stimulates sperm production
24
Q
Luteinizing Hormone function in females
A
stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum
25
Luteinizing Hormone function in males
stimulates testosterone secretion from testes
26
The period of time from onset of gonadotropin secretion until first ejaculation of viable sperm.
puberty in males
27
At what age does puberty in male begin?
10-12
28
When does puberty end in male?
around 14
29
Period of time from onset of gonadotropin secretion until menarche.
female puberty
30
What could cause GnRH to not be produced?
not enough body fat
31
What is the average start age of puberty in females?
8-10
32
What is the average end age of puberty in females?
12.5
33
What is the period of time from onset of puberty until a person attains full adult height?
adolescence
34
Is adolescence or puberty longer?
adolescence
35
What is the general cause of puberty?
secretion of gonadotropins
36
What is the cause of puberty in males?
rising levels of testosterone + dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
37
What are the effects of testosterone?
sperm production, generalized body growth, increased libido (sex drive)
38
What are the effects of DHT?
body and facial hair growth, increased skin oil secretion and acne
39
What is the cause of puberty in females?
ovarian follicles produce estrogens (estradiol), progesterone, some androgens
40
What are the effects of estrogen?
body fat deposition, widening of pelvis, generalized body growth
41
What are the effects of estrogen, progesterone, prolaction?
thelarche
42
What is Thelarche?
breast development
43
What is Menarche?
first menstrual period
44
What are the effects of androgens in female puberty?
pubarche
45
What is pubarche?
pubic and axillary hair
46
What is an oocyte?
immature female gamete
47
What surrounds the oocyte?
an ovarian follicle
48
What is an ovarian follicle?
collection of cells to support/protect oocyte
49
What are other names for uterine tubes?
oviducts or fallopian tubes
50
What is the uterine tube?
muscular tube that receives ovum (mature gamete) from ovary
51
What is the purpose of the uterine tubes?
transport zygote (fertilized egg) to uterus
52
What is the uterus?
muscular chamber opening into roof of vagina
53
Where does the embryo implant?
endometrium
54
Where is the endometrium located?
directly beside/facing the lumen
55
What is described as the events that occur every 28 days on average when pregnancy does not occur?
sexual cycle
56
True/False: The Ovarian Cycle begins the sexual cycle followed by the Menstrual cycle.
false; these cycles occur simultaneously
57
What are the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle?
follicular phase and luteal phase
58
When is the follicular phase?
days 1-14
59
When is the luteal phase?
days 15-28
60
When is the menstrual phase?
days 1-5
61
When is the proliferative phase?
days 6-14
62
When is the secretory phase?
days 15-26
63
When is the premenstrual phase?
days 27-28
64
What are the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle?
1. menstrual phase
2. proliferative phase
3. secretory phase
4. premenstrual phase
65
What are the 2 Cycles of the Sexual Cycle?
1. ovarian cycle
2. menstrual cycle
66
What phase of the sexual cycle does the ovarian follicle develop?
follicular phase
67
What is the menstrual phase?
previously built uterine wall sloughs away through vagina
68
In which phase of the sexual cycle does the endometrium of uterine wall goes through mitosis?
Proliferative phase
69
The ovum is released from follicle in a process called _________.
ovulation
70
What day does ovulation occur?
day 14
71
In which phase does the ovulated follicle become corpus luteum?
luteal phase
72
What does the corpus luteum degenerate into?
corpus albican
73
In which phase does the endometrium of uterine wall continue to thicken?
secretory phase
74
In which phase does the endometrium of uterine wall begin breaking down?
premenstrual phase
75
Is the Luteal Phase the first or second 14 days?
second 14 days
76
What major event occurs during the Luteal Phase?
ovulated follicle becomes corpus luteum, eventually degenerates into corpus albicans
77
What 2 phases of the menstrual cycle occur during the luteal phase?
secretory phase & premenstrual phase
78
What hormone do granulosa cells secrete in response to FSH stimulation?
estradiol
79
During the follicular phase, FSH stimulates the growth of _______.
all follicles
80
Granulosa cells of follicles secrete estradiol at _______ levels.
moderate
81
During days 1-5, moderate levels of estradiol inhibit _____ & _____ production, but stimulates _____ production.
GnRH; FSH; LH
82
Where does the endometrium go during the menstrual phase?
sloughs off, discharged out the vagina
83
What is another name for the menstrual phase?
menses
84
During days 6-14 id more or less estradiol being produced?
more
85
What causes a spike in GnRH, FSH and especially LH during days 6-14?
high level of estradiol
86
What stimulates the endometrium cells to produce receptors during the proliferative phase?
high estrogen levels
87
During the proliferative phase, receptors for ______ are produced by endometrium cells.
progesterone
88
An event where a spike in LH causes follicle to burst, releasing oocyte into uterine tubes.
Ovulation
89
Ovulation takes place on day ___.
14
90
How long does ovulation last?
3 minutes
91
What hormone causes burst follicle to become the corpus luteum?
LH
92
Corpus Luteum produces large amounts of what 2 hormones?
estradiol & especially progesterone
93
What is an example of negative feedback during the female sexual cycle?
high levels of estradiol and progesterone inhibit LH & FSH secretion during luteal phase
94
What is involution?
when corpus luteum shrinks into scar tissue called corpus albican
95
What causes involution?
low level of LH
96
______ levels of progesterone cause endometrium _______ to develop.
high; glands
97
What is the function of the endometrium glands?
secrete fluid and glycogen to prepare for potential embryo
98
During days 27-28, what happens to corpus albicans?
it doesn't produce estradiol or progesterone, so their blood levels drop
99
Which phase does this occur: Lack of progesterone causes endometrium to degenerate, die.
premenstrual phase
100
What causes endometrium to die in the premenstrual phase?
lack of blood flow
101
Premenstrual phase is also referred to as the _________ phase.
ischemic
102
Gestation
pregnancy
103
What marks the beginning of pregnancy?
embryo implants into wall of uterus
104
How many weeks does embryo become fetus?
8
105
What is the placenta?
organ that develops within wall of uterus providing nutrition, gas, and waste exchange with fetus
106
What organ takes over for corpus luteum after the first 7 weeks of pregnancy?
placenta
107
True/False: The placenta secretes hormones.
true
108
What connects the placenta to fetal circulatory system?
umbilical cord
109
True/False: The placenta begins developing 3 weeks following implantation.
False; develops immediately
110
What are the 4 hormones mainly involved with pregnancy?
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
- Estradiol
- Progesterone
- Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (HCS)
111
What secretes HCG?
developing embryo and then placenta
112
This hormone is detected in pregnancy test:
HCG
113
HCG has similar effect to what other hormone?
LH
114
Function of HCG
causes growth of corpus luteum and prevents it from degenerating into corpus albicans
115
What secretes estradiol during pregnancy?
corpus luteum and then placenta
116
How does estradiol effect the fetus?
growth
117
How does estradiol effect the mother?
- incr size of uterus, mammary ducts of breast
- widens pelvis for easier delivery
118
What secretes progesterone during pregnancy?
corpus luteum then placenta
119
Progesterone + Estradiol prevent what 2 hormones from being secreted?
FSH and LH
120
Why do progesterone and estradiol prevent gonadotropin hormones from being secreted?
prevents development of more ovarian follicles
121
Prevention of FSH and LH secretion promotes:
development of mammary glands
122
Which hormone is secreted the most during pregnancy?
HCS
123
HCS has similar effects to _________, but weaker.
growth hormone
