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Bio 308 Exam 2 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of respiration include

A
  1. gas exchange
  2. communication
  3. olfaction
  4. acid-based balance
  5. blood pressure regulation
  6. blood and lymph flow
  7. blood filtration
  8. expulsion of abdominal contents
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2
Q

Principal organs of the respiratory system

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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3
Q

Conducting zone of respiratory system

A

-includes those passages that serve only for airflow
-no gas exchange
-nostrils through major bronchioles

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4
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

in head and neck

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5
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A

organs of the thorax

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6
Q

Functions of the nose

A

-warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air
-detects odors
-serves as a resonating chamber

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7
Q

Three regions of pharynx

A

-Nasopharynx (passes only air)
-Oropharynx
-Laryngopharynx (passes air food and drink)

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8
Q

Pharynx Function

A

assist in swallowing and speech

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9
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box

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10
Q

Larynx function

A

keep food and drink out of the airway

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11
Q

Epiglottis

A

flap of tissue that guards the superior opening of the larynx

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12
Q

Trachea (windpipe)

A

about 12cm long
-anterior to esophagus
-16 to 20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
-trachealis muscle spans opening in rings

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13
Q

Trachea splits to form ___

A

right and left main bronchi

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14
Q

Carina

A

internal medial ridge in the lowermost tracheal cartilage

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15
Q

How many alveoli do we have

A

about half the size of a tennis court

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16
Q

Squamous (type 1) alveolar cells

A

gas exchange

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17
Q

Great (type II) alveolar cells

A

secrete pulmonary surfactant

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18
Q

Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

A

keep alveoli free from debris by phagocytizing dust particles

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19
Q

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

A

consists of a repetitive cycle of inspiration (inhaling) and expiration (exhaling)

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20
Q

Respiratory Cycle

A

one complete inspiration and expiration

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21
Q

Diaphragm

A

prime mover of respiration

22
Q

Internal and external intercostal muscles

A

-synergists to diaphragm
-located between ribs

23
Q

Scalenes

A

-synergist to diaphragm
-fix or elevate ribs 1 and 2

24
Q

Hyperventilation

A

anxiety-triggered state in which breathing is so rapid that it expels CO2 from the body faster than it is produced

25
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A

brainstem neurons that respond to changes in pH of cerebrospinal fluid

26
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A

located in the carotid and aortic bodies of the large arteries above the heart

27
Q

Stretch receptors

A

found in the smooth muscles of bronchi and bronchioles and in the visceral pleura

28
Q

Irritant receptors

A

nerve endings amid the epithelial cells of the airway

29
Q

Boyles Law

A

at a constant temperature, the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume

30
Q

Charles Law

A

volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature

31
Q

What two factors influence airway resistance

A
  1. Bronchiole diameter
  2. Pulmonary compliance
32
Q

Bronchodilation

A

increases airflow

33
Q

Bronchoconstiction

A

decreases airflow

34
Q

Pulmonary compliance

A

ease with which the lungs can expand

35
Q

Spirometer

A

a device that recaptures expired breath and records such variables as rate and depth of breathing, speed of expiration, and rate of oxygen consumption

36
Q

Respiratory volumes

A

-tidal volume
-inspiratory reserve volume
-expiratory reserve volume

37
Q

Restrictive Disorder

A

characterized by a reduction in pulmonary compliance
-any disease that produces pulmonary fibrosis

38
Q

Obstructive disorders

A

those that interfere with airflow by narrowing or blocking the airway
-make it harder to inhale or exhale a given amount of air

39
Q

Daltons Law

A

total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the contributions of the individual gases

40
Q

Four factors adjust the rate of oxygen unloading to match need

A
  1. ambient PO2
  2. ambient pH (Bohr effect)
  3. bisphosphoglucerate (BPG)
  4. temperature
41
Q

acidosis

A

blood pH lower than 7.35

42
Q

alkalosis

A

blood pH higher than 7.45

43
Q

hypocapnia

A

PCO2 less than 37mm Hg
-most common form of alkalosis

44
Q

hypercapnia

A

PCO2 greater than 43 mm Hg
-most common cause of acidosis

45
Q

Chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

long term obstruction of airflow and substantial reduction in pulmonary ventilation

46
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

-severe, persistent inflammation of lower respiratory tract
-goblet cells enlarge and produce excess mucus
-immobilized cilia fail to remove mucus
-thick, stagnant mucus - ideal for bacterial growth
-smoke compromises alveolar macrophage function
-develop chronic cough to bring up sputum

47
Q

Emphysema

A

-alveolar walls break down
-lungs fibrotic and less elastic
-air passages collapse
-weaken thoracic muscles

48
Q

Lung cancer accounts for

A

more deaths than any other form of cancer

49
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

most common form of lung cancer
-begins with transformation of bronchial epithelium into stratified squamous from ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
-dividing cells invade bronchial wall, cause bleeding lesions
-dense swirls of keratin replace functional respiratory tissue

50
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

originates in mucous glands of lamina propria

51
Q

Small Cell (oat cell) carcinoma

A

-least common, most dangerous
-named for clusters of cells that resemble oat grains
-originates in primary bronchi, invades mediastinum, metastasizes quickly to other organs

Bio 308 Exam 2 (3 decks)

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