Circulatory System - Blood

Question 1

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

Answer 1

consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Functions include transportation, protection, and regulation

Question 2

What are the components and general properties of blood?

Answer 2

adults have 4-6 L of blood, it is a liquid connective tissue consisting of cells and extracellular matrix

Question 3

Erythrocytes

Answer 3

Red blood cells

Question 4

Platelets

Answer 4

cell fragments from special cell in bone marrow

Question 5

Leukocytes

Answer 5

white blood cells (five types)

Question 6

Granulocytes

Answer 6

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 7

Agranulocytes

Answer 7

lymphocytes, monocytes

Question 8

% of hematocrit in blood

Answer 8

37-52

Question 9

% of plasma in blood

Answer 9

47-63

Question 10

% of white blood cells and platelets

Answer 10

1%

Question 11

Plasma

Answer 11

yellowish liquid portion of blood

Question 12

Serum

Answer 12

remaining fluid when blood clots and solids are removed, identical to plasma except for the absence of fibrinogen

Question 13

Plasma Proteins

Answer 13

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen - formed by the lived (except globulins that are produced by plasma cells)

Question 14

Viscosity

Answer 14

resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting from the cohesion of its particles

Question 15

Osmolarity of blood

Answer 15

the total molarity of those dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall

Question 16

How is blood produced?

Answer 16

Hemopoiesis - red bone marrow produces all seven formed elements

Question 17

What are the functions of erythrocytes?

Answer 17

• carry oxygen from lungs to cell tissues
• pick up CO2 from tissues and bring to lungs
  disc-shaped cell with thick rim (lose nearly all organelles during development)

Question 18

Hemoglobin

Answer 18

consists of four protein chains: globins
four heme groups (nonprotein moiety that binds O2 to Fe at its center

Question 19

What is erythrocytes homeostasis?

Answer 19

stimuli for increasing erythropoiesis
- low levels O2 (hypoxemia)
- high altitude
- increase in exercise
- loss of lung tissue in emphysema

Question 20

Blood types are based on what?

Answer 20

interactions between antigens and antibodies

Question 21

Antigens

Answer 21

complex molecules on surface of cell membrane that activate an immune response

Question 22

Agglutinogens

Answer 22

antigens on the surface of the RBC that are the basis for blood typing

Question 23

Antibodies

Answer 23

proteins (gamma globulins) secreted by plasma cells

Question 24

Aggulutinins

Answer 24

antibodies in the plasma that bring about transfusion mismatch

Question 25

What is the function of Leukocytes

Answer 25

protection against infectious microorganisms and other pathogens and spend only a few hours in the bloodstream before migrating to connective tissue

Question 26

Facts about lymphocytes

Answer 26

Increased numbers in diverse infections and immune responses

Question 27

Facts about monocytes

Answer 27

increased numbers in viral infections and inflammation

Question 28

Hemostasis

Answer 28

the cessation of bleeding - stopping potentially fatal leaks

Question 29

Platelets

Answer 29

small fragments of megakaryocytes cells -normal count: 130,000 to 400,000

Question 30

Platelet functions

Answer 30

-secrete vasoconstrictors -stick together to form platelet plugs -secrete procoagulants or clotting factors - secrete growth factors

Question 31

Anemia

Answer 31

Lack of healthy red blood cells Three categories: - inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis - hemorrhagic anemias from bleeding -hemolytic anemias from RBC destruction

Question 32

Consequences from anemia

Answer 32

- Tissue hypoxia and necrosis -Blood osmolarity is reduced, producing tissue edema -Blood viscosity is low

Question 33

Sickle-Cell Disease

Answer 33

-Heterozygotes are resistant to malaria -Gene persists in populations living in malaria prevalent countries

Question 34

Leukocyte Disorders: Leukopenia

Answer 34

low WBC - below 5,000

Question 35

Leukocyte Disorders: Leukocytosis

Answer 35

High WBC - about 10,000

Question 36

Leukemia

Answer 36

Cancer of hematopoietic tissue usually producing a very high number of circulating leukocytes