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ANAPHY > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

consists of the structures used to acquire oxygen (O2) and remove
carbon dioxide (CO2) from the blood.

A

respiratory system

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2
Q

required for the body’s cells to synthesize the chemical energy molecule, ATP.

A

oxygen

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3
Q

a by-product of ATP production and must be removed from the blood.

A

carbon doxide

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4
Q

what will happen to the blood pH when their is an increased levels of CO2

A

Blood pH will become acidic

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5
Q

seven structures that make up the respiratory system

A

external nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

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6
Q

encloses the chamber for air inspiration. Although
air can be inspired through the mouth, the mouth is part of the digestive system rather than the respiratory system.

A

external nose

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7
Q

is a cleaning, warming, and humidifying chamber for inspired air.

A

nasal cavity

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8
Q

commonly called the throat. It serves as a shared passageway
for food and air.

A

pharynx

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9
Q

frequently called the voice box. Its rigid structure helps keep the
airway constantly open, or patent.

A

larynx

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10
Q

commonly known as the windpipe. It serves as an air-cleaning
tube to funnel inspired air to each lung.

A

trachea

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11
Q

is a labyrinth of air tubes and a complex network of air sacs, called
alveoli, and capillaries. The air sacs are separated by walls of connective tissue containing both collagenous and elastic fibers. Each air sac is the site of gas exchange between the air and the blood

A

lungs

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12
Q

simply movement of air into and out of the lungs

A

ventilation

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13
Q

is the diffusion of gases across cell membranes

A

respiration

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14
Q

two major types of respiration within the body

A

external and internal respiration

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15
Q

is the movement of gases between atmospheric air in the lungs and the blood

A

external respiration

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16
Q

which is the movement of gases between the blood and the body’s
cells.

A

internal respiration

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17
Q

structures from the nose to the larynx

A

upper respiratory tract

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18
Q

includes the structures from the trachea through the alveoli in the lung

A

lower respiratory tract

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19
Q

encompasses the structures from the nose to the
smallest air tubes within the lungs and is strictly for ventilation.

A

conduction zone

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20
Q

solely within the lungs and includes some specialized small air tubes and the alveoli. Gas exchange occurs within this zone.

A

respiratory zone

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21
Q

four simultaneous processes to accomplish gas exchange between the air and the blood

A

ventilation, external respiration, gas transport and internal respiration

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22
Q

This is what we more commonly refer to as breathing. Air moves into and out of the respiratory passages.

A

ventilation

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23
Q

At the terminal portion of the air tubes, are tiny air sacs called
alveoli. Oxygen moves out of the alveolar air and into the blood. At the same time, CO2 diffuses out of the blood and joins the air in the alveoli

A

external respiration

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24
Q

Carbon dioxide and O2 travel in the blood to and from cells.

A

gas transport

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25
Q

Gas exchange with the tissues involves the exit of O2 from the
blood into cells, while CO2 exits cells to enter the blood.

A

internal respiration

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26
Q

Breathing provides the O2 needed in cellular respiration to make
ATP from glucose. Breathing also rids the body of potentially toxic CO2, which is produced during cellular respiration.

A

true

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27
Q

One of the function of the respiratory system can alter blood pH by changing blood CO2 levels

A

Regulation of Blood pH

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28
Q

The lungs produce an enzyme called angiotensinconverting
enzyme (ACE), which is an important component of blood pressure
regulation

A

Production of chemical mediators

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29
Q

Air moving past the vocal folds makes sound and speech possible.

A

Voice production.

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29
Q

The sensation of smell occurs when airborne molecules are drawn into the nasal cavity

A

Olfaction

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30
Q

The respiratory system provides protection against some microorganisms by preventing them from entering the body and removing them from respiratory surfaces.

A

Protection

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31
Q

consists of the external nose and the nasal cavity

A

nose

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32
Q

visible structure that forms a prominent feature of the face. The largest part of the this is composed of hyaline cartilage plates.

A

external nose

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33
Q

the open chamber inside the nose where air first enters the
respiratory system.

A

nasal cavity

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34
Q

The nasal cavity begins at the anterior external openings called

A

nares

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35
Q

Nasal cavity extends to posterior openings into the pharynx. These openings are called

A

choanae

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36
Q

The floor of the nasal cavity, which separates it from the oral cavity in the mouth, is called the

A

hard palate

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37
Q

The nasal cavity is divided into right and left halves. The two halves
are separated by a wall of tissue called

A

Nasal Septum

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38
Q

The anterior part of the nasal septum is composed of cartilage, while the posterior part consists of bone. A deviated nasal septum occurs when the septum bulges to one side and is a common cause of snoring

A

true

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39
Q

On each side of the nasal cavity, there are three lateral bony ridges

A

conchae

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40
Q

Within the superior and middle meatuses are
openings from the various

A

paranasal sinuses

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41
Q

for tear drainage from the surface of the eye

A

nasolacrimal duct

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42
Q

is inflammation of the mucous membrane of a sinus,
especially one or more of the paranasal sinuses. Viral infections, such as the common cold, can cause mucous membranes to become inflamed and swollen and to produce excess mucus. As a result, the sinus opening into the nasal cavity can be partially or completely blocked.

A

sinusitis

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43
Q

is a critical component of the respiratory system. Its primary function is
as the air intake portion of the respiratory system. It is here where the majority of the warming, cleaning, and humidifying of air occurs, which is critical for effective gas exchange within the lungs

A

nasal cavity

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44
Q

5 function of nasal cavity

A

Serves as a passageway for air.
Cleans the air.
Humidifies and warms the air
Contains the olfactory epithelium.
Helps determine voice sound

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45
Q

or throat, is the common opening of both the digestive and the
respiratory systems. It receives air from the nasal cavity and receives air, food, and drink from the oral cavity. Inferiorly, the _ is connected to the respiratory system at the larynx and to the digestive system at the esophagus.

A

pharynx

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46
Q

is the most superior portion of the pharynx. It is
immediately posterior to the nasal cavity. Specifically, it is a continuation of the nasal cavity from the choanae. It is superior to the soft palate

A

nasopharynx

47
Q

is an incomplete partition composed of muscle and connective tissue. It separates the nasopharynx from the middle portion of the pharynx, the oropharynx. prevents swallowed materials from entering the nasopharynx and nasal cavity. It pushes food and other materials toward the back of the pharynx.

A

soft palate

48
Q

The extension of the soft palate is called the

A

uvula

49
Q

posterior wall of the nasopharynx houses the which helps defend the body against infection. An enlarged pharyngeal tonsil can interfere with normal breathing and airflow through the auditory tubes.

A

pharyngeal tonsil, or adenoids

50
Q

is a continuation of the nasopharynx. The
_is the middle portion of the pharynx. It is immediately posterior to the mouth and begins at the soft palate. From there, it descends to the superior portion of the larynx. Because the mouth’s oral cavity and the _ join, air, food, and drink all pass through it. Moist stratified squamous epithelium lines it and protects it against abrasion.

A

oropharynx

51
Q

Two groups of tonsils are located near the fauces of oroharynx

A

called the palatine tonsils and the lingual tonsil

52
Q

is a continuation of the oropharynx. It spans the posterior length of the larynx: from the most superior larynx structure, the epiglottis, to the esophagus. Food and drink pass through the it to the esophagus. Although most air passes from it into the larynx, a small amount of air may be swallowed with food and drink. It is lined with moist stratified squamous epithelium

A

The laryngopharynx

53
Q

is the largest of the cartilages. It is a single shield-shaped piece of cartilage, which is also known as the Adam’s apple.

A

Thyroid cartilage

54
Q

forms the base of the larynx. It is a single piece of cartilage upon which the other cartilages rest

A

Cricoid Cartilage

55
Q

is a single piece of cartilage that is attached to the thyroid cartilage and projects superiorly. It is unique among the larynx cartilages because it is a freely movable flap and is constructed of elastic cartilage rather than hyaline cartilage. It helps divert food away from the trachea opening during swallowing.

A

Epiglottis

56
Q

articulate with the superior border on the posterior of the cricoid cartilage

A

Arytenoid cartilages

57
Q

are attached to the superior tips of the arytenoid cartilages.

A

Corniculate cartilages

58
Q

are contained in a mucous membrane anterior to the corniculate
cartilages.

A

Cuneiform cartilages.

59
Q

is commonly known as the voice box. It is located in the anterior
part of the laryngopharynx and extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea. It is held in place by membranes and muscles superior to the hyoid bone. Its rigidity is due to an outer casing of nine cartilages connected to one another by muscles and ligaments. Six of the nine cartilages are paired, and three are unpaired

A

larynx

60
Q

it houses the ligaments used for speech as well as for swallowing and other functions

A

larynx

61
Q

or false vocal cords, are the superior pair of ligaments.

A

vestibular folds

62
Q

or true vocal cords, are the inferior ligaments

A

vocal folds

63
Q

If the vocal folds become inflamed,_ occurs and the person “loses” his or her voice.

A

laryngitis

64
Q

four main function of larynx

A
  1. Maintains an open passageway for air movements
  2. Prevents swallowed materials from entering the larynx and lower respiratory tract
  3. Produces sound for speech
  4. Protects the lower respiratory tract from foreign materials
65
Q

are the primary source of sound production. Air moving past it causes them to vibrate and produce sound. The frequency of vibrations determines pitch,
with higher-frequency vibrations producing higher-pitched sounds and lower-frequency
vibrations producing lower-pitched sounds.

A

the vocal folds

66
Q

The force of air moving past the vocal folds determines the loudness of the sound.

A

true

67
Q

The frequency of vibrations determines pitch, with higher-frequency vibrations producing higher-pitched sounds and lower-frequency vibrations producing lower-pitched sounds.

A

true

68
Q

commonly known as the windpipe. It allows air to flow into
the lungs. The trachea is a membranous tube attached to the larynx and consists of dense regular connective tissue and smooth muscle

A

trachea

69
Q

The trachea is reinforced with 15–20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage. It support the trachea and prevent it from collapsing

A

tracheal ring

70
Q

A mucous membrane lines the trachea. The membrane’s goblet cells produce mucus, which traps inspired dust, bacteria, and other foreign matter. The ciliated epithelium then moves the mucus and foreign matter into the larynx. From the larynx the foreign matter enters the pharynx and is swallowed. Constant, long-term irritation to the trachea, as occurs in smokers, can cause the tracheal epithelium to become moist stratified squamous epithelium that lacks cilia and goblet cells. This transition prevents the normal function of the tracheal epithelium.

A

true

71
Q

The trachea divides to form two smaller tubes called each of which extends to a lung.

A

main bronchi, or primary bronchi

72
Q

At the location where the trachea divides into the two main bronchi is a ridge of cartilage. It is an important landmark for reading x-rays. In
addition, the mucous membrane of it is very sensitive to mechanical stimulation. If foreign matter is inspired to the level of it, it stimulates a powerful cough reflex.

A

carina

73
Q

consists of the trachea and the network of air tubes in the lungs

A

tracheobronchial tree

74
Q

four classes of air passageways

A

Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

75
Q

In the left lung, there are two lobar bronchi. In the right lung, there are three lobar bronchi. Each lobar bronchus supplies its own section of each lung, which are called lobes.

A

true

76
Q

secondary bronchi, arise directly from the main bronchi. In it, the C-shaped cartilage rings are replaced with cartilage plates. Smooth muscle forms a layer between the cartilage and mucous membrane. it are lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, which slowly changes as the tubes get smaller and smaller.

A

The lobar bronchi

77
Q

or tertiary bronchi, supply subdivisions within each lung lobe, which are called bronchopulmonary segments. As the bronchi become smaller, the cartilage becomes sparse, and smooth muscle becomes more
abundant.

A

segmental bronchi

78
Q

result from continued branching of the segmental
bronchi. They are less than 1 mm in diameter and have less cartilage and more smooth muscle. The larger are lined with ciliated simple columnar epithelium.

A

bronchioles

79
Q

arise from several subdivisions of bronchioles. it has no cartilage in their walls, but the smooth muscle layer is prominent. They are lined with ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium.

A

terminal bronchioles

80
Q

The bronchi and bronchioles are capable of changing their diameter. The smooth muscle layer in them can relax and contract

A

true

81
Q

occurs when the smooth muscle relaxes, making the bronchiole diameter larger.

A

Bronchodilation

82
Q

occurs when the smooth muscle contracts, making the bronchiole diameter smaller.

A

Bronchoconstriction

83
Q

medicine that help counteract the effects of an asthma
attack by promoting smooth muscle relaxation in the walls of terminal bronchioles, so that air can flow more freely.

A

Albuterol

84
Q

sites of external respiration. are small, air-filled chambers
where the air and the blood come into close contact with each other

A

alveoli

85
Q

have a few attached alveoli. As it divide to form smaller respiratory bronchioles, the number of attached alveoli increases.

A

the respiratory bronchioles

86
Q

arise from the respiratory bronchioles. They are like long, branching hallways with many open doorways. The “doorways” open into alveoli. Eventually, the number of alveoli becomes so large that the wall it becomes just a series of alveoli.

A

alveolar ducts

87
Q

are chambers connected to two or more alveoli at the
end of an alveolar duct.

A

alveolar sacs

88
Q

Two types of cells form the alveolar wall

A

squamous epithelial cells
surfactant-secreting cells

89
Q

The alveolar walls and surrounding pulmonary capillaries form the _ in the lungs. it is where O2 enters the blood and CO2 exits the
blood. To facilitate diffusion of gases, it is extremely thin; it is thinner than a sheet of tissue paper

A

respiratory membrane

90
Q

general respiratory membrane components

A

The alveolar cell layer
An interstitial space
The capillary endothelial layer

91
Q

The individual layers are:

A

thin layer of alveolar fluid
alveolar epithelium
basement membrane the alveolar epithelium
thin interstitial space
basement membrane of the capillary endothelium
capillary endothelium

92
Q

is the space enclosed by the thoracic wall and the diaphragm

A

thoracic cavity

93
Q

are the primary organs of respiration. Based on their volume, they are among the largest organs of the body. Each is conical in shape, and extends from the diaphragm to a point approximately 2.5 cm superior to the clavicle

A

Lung

94
Q

The portion of the lungs in contact with the diaphragm is the

A

base

95
Q

The portion of the lungs that extends above the clavicle is called the

A

apex

96
Q

The right lung is larger than the left and weighs an average of 620 g, whereas the left lung weighs an average of 560 g.

A

true

97
Q

is an indentation on the medial surface of the lung. It is
where structures, such as the main bronchus, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels, enter or exit the lung

A

hilum

98
Q

All the structures passing through the hilum are referred to
as the

A

roof of the lung

99
Q

right lung has three large sections called _ while the left lung has two

A

lobes

100
Q

The lung lobes are separated by deep, prominent_ on the surface of the lung.

A

fissures

101
Q

The left lung also has a medial indentation
called the

A

cardiac notch

102
Q

The lung lobes are further subdivided into
_. Each is supplied by the segmental bronchi. There are 9 in the left lung and 10 in the right lung. The _ are separated from each other by connective tissue partitions, which are not visible as surface fissures

A

bronchopulmonary segments

103
Q

Blood that has passed through the lungs and picked up O2

A

oxygenated blood

104
Q

blood that has passed through the tissues and released some of its O2 is called

A

deoxygenated blood

105
Q

There are two blood flow routes to the lungs:

A

(1) blood flow to the alveoli
(2) blood flow to the tissues of the bronchial tree.

106
Q

The lungs have two lymphatic supplies:

A

Superficial Lymphatic Vessels and Deep Lymphatic Vessels

107
Q

Deep to the connective tissue that surrounds each lungs called visceral pleura. These vessels drain lymph from superficial lung to visceral pleura

A

Superficial Lymphatic System

108
Q

These vessels drain lymph from the bronchi and associates connective tissue.

A

deep lymphatic vessels

109
Q

There are no lymphatic vessels located in the walls of alveoli. Both vessels exits at the hilum of lung.

A

true

110
Q

lymphatic vessels serve as a way to remove harmful substances from the lung tissue, cancer cell can also spread to other parts of the body through lymphatic system

A

true

111
Q

two primary aspect of ventilation

A

actions of the muscles of respiration
air pressure gradient

112
Q

function of the muscle

A

change volume of thoracic cavity which allows air to flow in and out of lungs

113
Q

muscles of inspiration that act that increase volume in thoracic cavity

A

diaphragm, external intercostals, pectoralis minor and scalene muscles

114
Q

muscles of expiration that decrease thoracic volume by depressing the ribs and sternum

A

internal intercostals, transverse muscles and abdominal muscles

ANAPHY (2 decks)

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