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ANAPHY > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

One of the basic tenets of life is that many organisms consume or use other
organisms in order to survive

A

true

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2
Q

Microorganisms that cause disease or
damage to the tissues of the body are considered

A

pathogens

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3
Q

Function of Lymphatic System

A

Maintenance of fluid balance
Lipid absorption
Defense

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4
Q

If the extra 3 L of interstitial fluid remained in the interstitial spaces what would result

A

Edema

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5
Q

What do you call the fluid that is inside the lymphatic capillaries and passes through the lymphatic vessels to return to the blood.

A

Lymph

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6
Q

lymph contains solutes derived from
two sources

A

Substances in plasma and substances such as
hormones, enzymes, and waste products

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7
Q

lymphatic system absorbs lipids and other substances from the digestive tract through lymphatic vessels located in the lining of small intestine

A

Lacteals

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8
Q

The lymph passing through these lymphatic vessels appears white because of its lipid content and is called

A

chyle

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9
Q

Pathogens are
filtered from lymph by lymph nodes and from blood by the spleen.

A

Defense

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10
Q

About 30 liters (L) of fluid pass from the blood
capillaries into the interstitial spaces each day, whereas only 27 L pass from
the interstitial spaces back into the blood capillaries. The 3 L of fluid
enters the lymphatic capillaries

A

maintenance of fluid balance

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11
Q

The lymphatic system absorbs lipids and other substances from the digestive tract through lymphatic vessels

A

Lipid Absorption

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12
Q

lymphatic system includes

A

Lymph, Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph Node, Tonsils, Spleen and Thymus

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13
Q

the lymphatic system carries fluid in one direction, from tissues to the
circulatory system. Fluid moves from blood capillaries into tissue spaces and returns to the blood, but some of the fluid moves
from the tissue spaces into lymphatic capillaries to become lymph

A

True

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14
Q

are tiny, closed-ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium.
It is more permeable than blood capillaries because they lack a basement membrane, and fluid moves easily into them.
Its cells act as valve to prevent backflow.

A

Lymphatic Capillaries

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15
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are present in most tissues of the body. Exceptions are

A

CNS, Bone Marrow and Tissue that lacks BV

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16
Q

Similar to blood capillaries, lymphatic capillaries join to form _, which resemble small veins. IT also have a beaded appearance because they have one-way valves that are similar to the
valves of veins

A

Lymphatic Vessels

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17
Q

Three factors cause compression of the lymphatic vessels:

A

contraction of surrounding skeletal
muscle during activity
periodic contraction of smooth muscle
pressure changes in the thorax during breathing

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18
Q

Lymphatic vessels from the right upper limb and the right half of the head, neck, and chest form the _ and empties in _

A

right lymphatic duct, right subclavian vein

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19
Q

Lymphatic vessels from the rest of the body
enter the , which empties into the

A

thoracic duct, left subclavian vein

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20
Q

characterized by housing many
lymphocytes and other defense cells, such as macrophages. It is found within lymphatic organs as well as other organs

A

Lymphatic tissue

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21
Q

Lymphatic tissue has _ that
form an interlaced network that holds the lymphocytes and other cells in place.
When lymph or blood filters through lymphatic organs, it traps
pathogens and other items in the fluid.

A

very fine reticular fibers

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22
Q

three groups of tonsils

A

2 palatine
1 pharyngeal
1 lingual

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23
Q

located on each side of the posterior opening of
the oral cavity; these are the ones usually referred to as “the tonsils”

A

Palatine Tonsils

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24
Q

located near the internal opening of the
nasal cavity.

A

Pharyngeal Tonsil

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25
Q

enlarge pharyngeal tonsil

A

adenoid

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26
Q

posterior surface of the tongue.

A

lingual tonsil

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27
Q

form a protective ring of lymphatic tissue around the openings between the nasal and oral cavities and the pharynx. They protect against pathogens and other potentially harmful material entering from the nose and
mouth

A

Tonsils

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28
Q

removal of the palantine tonsils is called

A

tonsillectomy

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29
Q

emoval of the pharyngeal tonsil is called

A

adenoidectomy

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30
Q

rounded structures, varying from the size of a small seed to that of a shelled almond.

A

Lymph Nodes

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31
Q

three superficial aggregations of
lymph nodes on each side of the body

A

inguinal nodes
axillary nodes
cervical nodes

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32
Q

dense connective tissue that surround each node

A

capsule

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33
Q

subdivide a lymph node into compartments containing lymphatic tissue and lymphatic sinuses.

A

trabeculae

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34
Q

The lymphatic tissue consists of lymphocytes and other cells that can form dense aggregations of tissue called

A

lymphatic nodules

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35
Q

spaces between the lymphatic tissue that
contain macrophages on a network of fibers.

A

lymphatic sinuses

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36
Q

Lymph enters the lymph node through _. Once inside the lymph node, lymph passes through the lymphatic tissue and sinuses and eventually
exits through _.

A

afferent vessels and efferent vessels.

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37
Q

2 functions perform as lymph moves through lymph node

A
  1. activate the immune system
  2. remove pathogens from the lymph through the action of macrophages.
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38
Q

The lymphatic nodules containing
the rapidly dividing lymphocytes are called

A

germinal centers.

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39
Q

roughly the size of a clenched fist and is located in the left, superior corner of the abdominal cavity.

A

spleen

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40
Q

outer part of spleen consist of dense connective tissue and a small amount of smooth muscle.

A

capsule

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41
Q

from the capsule divide the spleen into small, interconnected compartments containing two specialized types of lymphatic tissue

A

trabeculae

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42
Q

lymphatic tissue surrounding the arteries within
the spleen

A

white pulp

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43
Q

associated with the veins. It consists of a fibrous network, filled with macrophages and red blood cells, and enlarged capillaries that connect to the veins.

A

red pulp

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44
Q

The spleen filters _ instead of lymph. Cells within the spleen detect and respond to foreign substances and destroy old and damaged red blood cells.

A

blood

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45
Q

in the white pulp can be stimulated in the same manner as in lymph nodes.

A

lymphocytes

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46
Q

Before blood leaves the spleen through veins, it passes through the

A

red pulp

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47
Q

in the red pulp remove foreign substances and worn-out red blood cells through phagocytosis.

A

Macrophages

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48
Q

The spleen also functions as

A

blood reservoir

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49
Q

removal of the spleen, may be necessary if these techniques do not stop the bleeding

A

splenectomy

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50
Q

is a bilobed gland roughly triangular in shape. It is located in the superior mediastinum, the partition dividing the thoracic cavity into left and right parts.

A

thymus

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51
Q

Each lobe of the thymus is surrounded by a thin
connective tissue

A

capsule

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52
Q

Near the capsule and trabeculae, lymphocytes are numerous and form dark-staining areas

A

cortex

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53
Q

A lighter-staining, central portion of the lobules that has fewer lymphocytes

A

medulla

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54
Q

Trabeculae from the capsule divide each lobe into

A

lobules

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55
Q

The _ is the site for the maturation of a class of lymphocytes called T cells. Large numbers of T cells are produced, but most degenerate.

A

thymus

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56
Q

Lymphatic capillaries and vessels remove fluid from tissues.

A

step 1

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57
Q

Specialized lymphatic vessels called lacteals absorb lipids at the small intestine.
The lymph in these vessels is referred to as chyle due to the high lipid content.

A

step 2

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58
Q

Lymph nodes filter lymph removing pathogens and debris as the lymph flows
toward the thoracic cavity.

A

step 3

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59
Q

Lymph passes into larger vessels, such as the thoracic duct, and then enters the
blood.

A

step 4

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60
Q

The spleen filters blood and is a site where lymphocytes respond to infections.

A

step 5

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61
Q

Pre-T cells are produced in red bone marrow and migrate to the thymus, where
they mature to become T cells.

A

step 6

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62
Q

B cells, which are produced and mature in the red bone marrow, and T cells
from the thymus circulate to, and populate, other lymphatic tissues

A

step 7

63
Q

is the ability to resist damage from pathogens, such as microorganisms; harmful chemicals, such as toxins released by microorganisms;
and internal threats, such as cancer cells

A

Immunity

64
Q

Immunity is categorized into two systems that work together to protect the body:

A

Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity

65
Q

the body recognizes and destroys
certain pathogens, but the response to them is the same each time the body is
exposed.

A

Innate Immunity

66
Q

the body recognizes and destroys pathogens, but the response to them improves each time the pathogen is encountered.

A

Adaptive Immunity

67
Q

Adaptive immunity involves two subdivisions:

A

antibody-mediated and cell mediated immunity

68
Q

antibody mediated immunity involves

A

B cells

69
Q

cell mediated immunity involves

A

T cells

70
Q

characteristic of adaptive immunity

A

specificity and memory

71
Q

is the ability of adaptive immunity to recognize a particular substance. For example, innate immunity can act against bacteria in general,
whereas adaptive immunity can distinguish among various kinds of bacteria.

A

Specificity

72
Q

is the ability of adaptive immunity to “remember” previous encounters
with a particular substance. Essentially the body is “trained,” and “better equipped” to deal with the pathogen. As a result, future responses are faster, stronger, and longer-lasting.

A

Memory

73
Q

Bacteria are destroyed before any
symptoms develop, and the person is said to be

A

immune

74
Q

_ of innate immunity are required for the initiation and regulation of the adaptive response

A

mediators

75
Q

Innate immunity involves many mechanisms that help protect the body. These mechanisms include

A

(1) physical barriers
(2) chemical mediators
(3) white blood cells
(4) the inflammatory response.

76
Q

_ prevent pathogens and chemicals from entering the body in two ways: (1) The skin and mucous membranes and (2) tears, saliva, urine, and other secretions

A

Physical barriers

77
Q

Two ways of physical barrier that prevent diseases enter the body

A

(1) The skin and mucous membranes
(2) secretions

78
Q

_ are molecules responsible for many aspects of innate
immunity. Some are on the surface of cells destroy pathogens or prevent their entry into the cells.

A

Chemical mediators

79
Q

promote inflammation by causing vasodilation and increasing vascular
permeability.

A

histamine, prostaglandins and leukotrienes

80
Q

is a group of more than 20 proteins found in blood plasma. Operation is similar to clotting proteins. Once activated, it promote inflammation and phagocytosis and can directly lyse (rupture) bacterial cells

A

complement

81
Q

are proteins that protect the body against viral
infections. bind to the surface of neighboring cells, which then stimulate those cells to produce antiviral proteins. In this way it is like a “Save yourself!” signal from an infected cell to its neighbors. These antiviral proteins inhibit viral reproduction by preventing the production of new viral nucleic acids and proteins.

A

interferons

82
Q

the cells derived from them are the most important cellular components of immunity. They are produced in red
bone marrow and lymphatic tissue and released into the blood. Chemicals released from pathogens or damaged tissues attract them and they leave the blood and enter affected tissues.

A

White blood cells

83
Q

The movement of white blood cells toward these chemicals is called

A

chemotaxis

84
Q

the ingestion and destruction of particles
by cells called phagocytes

A

Phagocytosis

85
Q

Phagocytosis is the ingestion and destruction of particles by cells called

A

phagocytes

86
Q

The most important phagocytes are

A

neutrophils and macrophages

87
Q

are small phagocytic white blood cells usually the first white blood cells to enter infected tissues from the blood in large numbers. They release chemical signals that increase the inflammatory response by recruiting and activating other immune cells. They often die after phagocytizing a single microorganism.

A

Neutrophils

88
Q

is an accumulation of fluid, dead neutrophils, and other cells at a site of infection.

A

Pus

89
Q

monocytes that leave the blood, enter tissues, and enlarge about fivefold. It can ingest more and larger items than can
neutrophils and usually appear in infected tissues after neutrophils, and
they are responsible for most of the phagocytic activity in the late stages of an infection, including cleaning up dead neutrophils and other cellular debris.

A

macrophages

90
Q

Monocytes and macrophages form the _ because they are phagocytes with a single(mono), unlobed nucleus.

A

mononuclear phagocytic system

91
Q

are derived from red bone marrow, are motile white blood cells
that can leave the blood and enter infected tissues

A

basophils

92
Q

derived from red bone marrow, are nonmotile cells in connective tissue, especially near capillaries. It is located at points where
pathogens may enter the body, such as the skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract.

A

mast cells

93
Q

can be activated through innate immunity or through adaptive immunity. when activated, these cells release chemicals, such as histamine and leukotrienes, that produce an inflammatory response or activate other mechanisms, such as smooth muscle contraction in the lungs.

A

basophils and mast cells

94
Q

participate in inflammation associated with allergies and asthma.

A

Eosinophils

95
Q

type of lymphocyte produced in red bone marrow, and they account for up to 15% of lymphocytes. it is recognize classes of cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells, in general, rather than specific tumor
cells or cells infected by a specific virus. do not exhibit a memory response, they are classified as part of innate immunity. they use a variety of methods to destroy their target cells, including releasing
chemicals that damage cell membranes and cause the cells to lyse.

A

Natural Killer (NK) cells

96
Q

The_ to injury involves many of the chemicals and cells previously discussed. They very similar, although some details vary, depending on the intensity of the response and the type of injury.

A

inflammatory response

97
Q

is an inflammatory response confined to a specific area of the body. Symptoms include redness, heat, and swelling due to increased blood flow and increased vascular permeability, as well as pain caused by swelling and by chemical mediators acting on pain receptors. The tissue destruction, swelling, and pain lead to loss of function.

A

Local inflammation

98
Q

an inflammatory response that is generally
distributed throughout the body.

A

systemic inflammation

99
Q

chemicals released by microorganisms, neutrophils, and other cells, stimulate fever production

A

pyrogens

100
Q

are substances that stimulate adaptive immune
responses.

A

antigens

101
Q

are introduced from outside the body. Microorganisms, such
as bacteria and viruses, and chemicals released by microorganisms

A

Foreign antigens

102
Q

are molecules produced by body cells to identify them as “self” or
part of the body. also it provide important information
about the health of the cell. some used by defense cells to
determine if a cell is mutated or infected.

A

self antigens

103
Q

results when self-antigens stimulate unwanted destruction of normal tissue. An example is rheumatoid arthritis, which destroys the tissue within joints.

A

Autoimmune disease

104
Q

involves a group of lymphocytes called B cells and proteins called antibodies

A

Antibody-mediated immunity

105
Q

are produced by plasma cells, which are derived from the B cells.

A

antibodies

106
Q

involves the actions of a second type of lymphocyte, called T cells.

A

Cell-mediated immunity

107
Q

produce the effects of cell-mediated immunity

A

cytotoxic T cells

108
Q

can promote or inhibit the activities of both antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity.

A

helper T cells

109
Q

in red bone marrow are capable of giving rise to all the blood cells

A

Hemopoietic stem cells

110
Q

Small groups of identical B cells or T cells are called _. Each
clone can respond only to a particular antigen.

A

clones

111
Q

Lymphocytes have cell membrane proteins, called _, on their surfaces.

A

antigen receptors

112
Q

The antigen receptors on B cells are called, and those
on T cells are called

A

B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors.

113
Q

substances produced in a cell that are then
processed for display to a lymphocyte. These may include normal cell products or substances resulting from infection, as in the case of a virus.

A

Internal antigens

114
Q

foreign antigens that are phagocytized by macrophages or other phagocytic cells. These phagocytic cells are referred to as antigen-presenting cells.

A

External antigens

115
Q

are glycoproteins that have binding sites for antigens. Different molecules have different binding sites—that is, they are specific for certain antigens. function as “serving trays” that hold and present a processed antigen on the outer
surface of the cell membrane.

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules

116
Q

are found on the membranes of most nucleated cells, and display
internal antigens.

A

MHC class I

117
Q

are found on the membranes of antigen presenting cells, and display external antigens.

A

MHC class II

118
Q

are proteins or peptides secreted by one cell as a regulator of
neighboring cells.

A

cytokines

119
Q

is an important process that generates the needed
defense cells to protect the body.

A

Lymphocyte proliferation

120
Q

daughter of B cells differentiates into

A

a plasma cell and Memory B cells

121
Q

effective against extracellular antigens, such
as bacteria, viruses (when they are outside cells), and toxins. It is also involved in certain allergic reactions

A

Antibody-mediated immunity

122
Q

Y-shaped molecules consisting of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains

A

antibodies

123
Q

The end of each “arm” of the antibody is _. This region is the part of the antibody that combines with the antigen. can join only with a particular
antigen; this is similar to the lock-and-key model of enzymes

A

variable region

124
Q

rest of the antibody is the_, and it has several functions. For example, it can activate complement, or it can attach the antibody to cells, such as macrophages, basophils and mast cells

A

constant region

125
Q

they are found mostly in the gamma globulin part of plasma.

A

gamma globulin

126
Q

they are globulin proteins involved in immunity.

A

immunoglobulins (Ig)

127
Q

Activates complement
and increases
phagocytosis; can
cross the placenta
and provide immune
protection to the
fetus and newborn;
responsible for Rh
reactions, such as
hemolytic disease of
the newborn

A

IgG

128
Q

Activates complement
and acts as an
antigen-binding
receptor on the
surface of B cells;
responsible for
transfusion reactions
in the ABO blood
system; often the first
antibody produced in
response to an
antigen

A

IgM

129
Q

Secreted into saliva, into
tears, and onto
mucous membranes
to protect body
surfaces; found in
colostrum and milk to
provide immune
protection to the
newborn

A

IgA

130
Q

Binds to mast cells and
basophils and
stimulates the
inflammatory
response

A

IgE

131
Q

Functions as an antigen binding
receptor on B cells

A

IgD

132
Q

occur when a single antibody binds to an antigen and inactivates the antigen, or when many antigens are bound together and are inactivated by many antibodies

A

direct effects

133
Q

After an antibody has attached by its variable region to an antigen, the
constant region of the antibody can activate other mechanisms that destroy the antigen.

A

indirect effects

134
Q

results from the first exposure of a B cell to an antigen.
When the antigen binds to the antigen-binding receptor on the B cell and the B cell has been activated by a helper T cell, the B cell undergoes several divisions to form plasma cells and memory B cells. Plasma cells produce antibodies. normally takes 3–14 days to produce enough antibodies to be effective against the antigen. In the meantime, the individual usually develops disease symptoms because the antigen has had time to cause tissue damage

A

primary response

135
Q

are responsible for the secondary response, or memory
response, which occurs when the immune system is exposed to an antigen against which it has already produced a primary response

A

memory B cells

136
Q

The_ provides better protection
than the primary response for two reasons: (1) The time required to start producing antibodies is less (hours to a few days), and (2) more plasma cells and antibodies are produced. As a consequence, the antigen is quickly destroyed, no disease symptoms develop, and the person is immune

A

secondary response

137
Q

a function of cytotoxic T cells and is most effective
against microorganisms that live inside body cells. It is also involved
with some allergic reactions, the control of tumors, and graft rejection

A

Cell-mediated immunity

138
Q

provide a secondary response and long-lasting immunity in the same fashion as memory B cells.

A

memory T cells

139
Q

Cytotoxic T cells have two main effects:

A

release cytokines and come in contact and kill cells

140
Q

results when an individual is exposed to an antigen (either naturally or
artificially) and the response of the individual’s own immune system is the cause of the immunity.

A

Active immunity

141
Q

occurs when another person or an animal develops immunity and the immunity is transferred to a nonimmune individual

A

Passive Immunity

142
Q

implies that contact with the antigen or transfer of antibodies occurs as part of everyday living and is not deliberate

A

natural

143
Q

implies that deliberate introduction of an antigen or antibody into the body has occurred.

A

artificial

144
Q

results from natural exposure to an antigen, such as a
disease-causing microorganism, that stimulates the immune system to respond against the antigen. Because the individual is not immune during the first exposure, he or she usually develops the symptoms of the disease.

A

active natural immunity

145
Q

an antigen is deliberately introduced into an individual to stimulate the immune system. produces long-lasting immunity without disease symptoms, it is the preferred method of acquiring adaptive immunity.

A

active artificial immunity

146
Q

process of introducing an antigen through vaccine

A

vaccination

147
Q

results when antibodies are transferred from a mother
to her child across the placenta before birth. During her life, the mother has been exposed to many antigens, either naturally or artificially, and she has antibodies against many of these antigens, which protect her and the developing fetus against disease.

A

Passive natural immunity

148
Q

can cross the placenta and enter the fetal blood.

A

IgG

149
Q

mother breastfeeds her baby, _ in the mother’s milk
also provide protection for the baby.

A

IgA

150
Q

Antibodies that provide passive artificial immunity are referred to by the general _ because the antibodies are found in serum, which is plasma minus the clotting factors.

A

antiserum

151
Q

involves the collecting of antibodies from one source
and introducing them to an infected individual, usually through injection. provides immediate protection because the antibodies either directly or indirectly destroy the antigen. therefore the preferred
treatment when not enough time is available for the individual to develop his or her own active immunity. the technique provides only temporary immunity because the antibodies are used or eliminated by the recipient.

A

passive artificial immunity

152
Q

treats disease by altering immune system function or by directly attacking harmful cells. Some approaches attempt to boost immune system function in general.

A

Immunotherapy

153
Q

stimulates or inhibits the immune system to treat diseases

A

Immunotherapy

ANAPHY (2 decks)

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