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aap respiratory system > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • To take oxygen from the air and get it to the bloodstream
  • To remove carbon dioxide from the body
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2
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of?

A
  • Nostrils
  • Nasal chamber
  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Epiglottis
  • Larynx
  • Oesophagus
  • Trachea
  • Bronchial tubes
  • Pleural membranes
  • Lungs (Bronchus, bronchiole, alveoli)
  • Ribs
  • Intercostal muscles
  • Diaphragm
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3
Q

What is the function of nostrils and mouth in the respiratory system?

A
  • Nostrils bring in large amounts of air
  • Mouth can bring air as well
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4
Q

What is the function of pharynx?

A
  • Pharynx is a passageway for food, water and air
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5
Q

What is the composition of pharynx?

A
  • Pharynx is divided by the soft palate into nasopharynx and oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx is the crossover point between the digestive and respiratory systems with 6 openings
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6
Q

Larynx

A
  • the voice box (Adam’s apple)
  • sits on top of the thyroid gland
  • provides vocalisation
  • prevents material from entering the lungs
  • there’s two vocal cords (muscles) stretched across - they vibrate when air rushes through them and this creates sound
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7
Q

Trachea

A
  • Large tube
  • Made out of cartilaginous rings
  • Splits into bronchi
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8
Q

Lungs

A
  • enclosed along with the heart, between the ribs and the diaphragm - thorax
  • the ribs form a protective cage which consists of twelve pairs of bones
  • the cage is moved up and down by the intercostal muscles which are attached between the ribs
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9
Q

Lung structure

A
  • three lobes in the right lung
  • two lobes in the left lung
  • pleura - thin sacs surrounding each lung lobe & separating lungs from the chest wall
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10
Q

Bronchi

A
  • Singular - bronchus
  • Left and right
  • Involved in conducting, cleaning and warming the air
  • divide to bronchioles
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11
Q

Bronchioles

A
  • small branches of the bronchi tubes
  • lead to alveoli
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12
Q

Alveoli

A
  • Tiny air sacs located in the lungs
  • Gas exchange
  • 700 milions in two lungs
  • walls contain capillaries that move O2 and CO2
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13
Q

Gas exchange in Alveoli

A
  • oxygen molecules attach to red blood cells & travel to heart
  • carbon dioxide is at the same time blown out by exhalation
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14
Q

Adaptations of the lungs for gas exchange

A
  1. round not flat - large surface area
  2. Moist lining - allows gases to dissolve
  3. alveoli and capillaries have very thin walls
  4. contain a very good blood supply
  5. short distance between air and blood
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15
Q

Types of respiration in animals

A
  1. Cutaneous respiration - earthworm
  2. Branchial respiration - fish
  3. Tracheal respiration - grasshopper
  4. Pulmonary respiration - crocodile
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16
Q

Cutaneous respiration

A
  • gas exchange occurs through the skin or outer integument instead of gills/lungs
  • in some vertebrates the body surface has become highly vascularized for gas exchange
  • e.g. amphibians and soft shelled turtles
17
Q

Branchial respiration

A
  • intake of oxygen over a fish’s gills
  • water enters the mouth and is passed over the gills
  • allows a constant concentration gradient to form - this causes carbon dioxide to be exchanged for oxygen and respiration to occur
18
Q

Tracheal respiration

A
  • the breathing occurs through the the system of air-filled tubes - tracheae
  • tracheae open to the outside through small holes called spiracles
19
Q

Pulmonary respiration

A
  • gas exchange of a crocodile similar to mammals
  • trachea connects the mouth and lungs where air is in- and expired
  • palate separates breathing and eating tubes - they can breathe while eating (epiglottis in humans)
  • different palate prevents water flowing into the gullet
20
Q

Body surface respiration

A
  • Sponges and jellyfish lack organs for gas exchange so they take in gases directly from the water
  • Flatworms & annelids use their outer surfaces for gas exchange.
21
Q

Inhaling - Inspiration

A
  • Breathing in
  • The brain sends signal to the rib muscles and diagraphm to contract
  • Ribs are pulled up and out
  • Diagraphm flattens downards creating more volume
  • Air pressure drops
  • Air is drawn into the lungs
22
Q

Exhaling - expiration

A
  • Breathing out
  • Rib muscles and diagraphm relax back to their original positions
  • air pressure in the lungs increases
  • Volume of lungs decreases
  • Air is pushed out

aap respiratory system (2 decks)

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