Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system

A

Ventilation
Gaseous exchange (External and internal respiration)
Vocalization/Phonation
Olfaction
Immunity
Acid base balance

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2
Q

What two tracts in the respiratory system

A

Upper Respiratory Tract (URT)
Lower Respiratory Tract (LRT)

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3
Q

Explain what happens during Pulmonary Ventilation : Inhalation

A

Diaphragm Contracts
Intercostal Muscle Contract
Ribcage Elevates
Lung volume increases
Air pressure drops
Air drawn in via oral and nasal cavities

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4
Q

Explain what happens during Pulmonary Ventilation : Inhalation

A

Muscles Relax
Passive recoil
Volume decreases
Pressure increases
Air expelled out

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5
Q

Explain External Respiration

A

Gas exchange between lungs and blood capillaries
Oxygen bind haemoglobin in the red blood cells.
Oxygen bound to the haemoglobin is released supplying tissues with oxygen
Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction.

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6
Q

Explain Internal Respiration

A

Also known as cellular respiration. Gas exchange between blood stream and body tissues. Oxygen bound to haemoglobin is released supplying tissues with oxygen . Carbon dioxide diffuses in opposite direction back to lungs to be exhaled.

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7
Q

What is phonation

A

Phonation is vocal sounds created during exhalation as air passes through the larynx (Voice Box) . Muscles control the movement of arytenoid cartilages. Vocal cords move and sound is created as air passes and vibrates over it.

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8
Q

What is the epiglottis

A

The epiglottis is found in the larynx and is there to protect from food or water going own the trachea into the lung

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9
Q

What is olfaction

A

The action of smelling. Chemicals in air bind to olfactory fibres in nasal cavity. Nervous system receptor on the cilia are activated. Series of signals are then stimulated resulting in the sense of smell

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10
Q

What is the trachea

A

The windpipe, transports air to and from lungs
10 - 12cm long
attached to larynx
Maintain open airway

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11
Q

What are the components of LRT (lower respiratory tract)

A

Trachea
bronchi
lungs

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12
Q

What is the Bronchi

A

The branch into lungs
Terminal Bronchi can constrict and relax to regulate airflow

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13
Q

What are the lungs

A

The lungs transport air to alveoli for gas exchange

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14
Q

Features of the Bronchiole

A

Thinner walls
No cartilage
Flexible
Able to constrict and relax

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15
Q

What is the Alveoli

A

Alveoli is made to produce Surfactant to prevent walls from sticking together. This allows smooth constrictions and relaxations in movement. Deoxygenated blood into alveoli, oxygenated blood leaves.
Air filled chambers for gas exchange
Grape like structures

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16
Q

Order or air entry in respiratory tract?

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
17
Q

What are the main actions of muscles involved in ventilation on inspiration?

A

Diaphragm contracts and intercostal muscles contract

18
Q

What are the main actions of muscles involved in ventilation on exhalation?

A

Diaphragm relaxes and intercostal muscles relax

19
Q

How many lobes on each lung

A

Left lung two lobes
Right lung one lobe

20
Q

Why is blood pumped around the body?

A

Delivers oxygen to the cells and removes carbon dioxide from those cells. White blood cells for immune system. Carries electrolytes. Blood is a transportation system.

21
Q

What is gas exchange

A

Gas exchange occurs between alveolar walls and pulmonary capillaries.
De oxygenated blood is carried by the pulmonary vein
Oxygenated blood is carried by the pulmonary vein

22
Q

What is passive diffusion

A

Passive diffusion happens when gas moves from high pressure to low pressure. Oxygen and carbon dioxide move into areas where there is less pressure.

23
Q

What happens when blood passes through the alveolar?

A

When blood passes through the alveolar, the oxygen moves into the blood from the lungs as there is less pressure in the blood. the CO2 in the blood will then move into the alveolar air as there is more CO2 in the blood so it will move to the lungs. Gas will move from high pressure to low pressure.

24
Q

What does the Aorta do?

A

Carry oxygenated blood throughout the whole body, diffusing oxygen into the tissues

25
Q

Explain how the blood goes back through the body after the aorta diffuses oxygen into the tissues.

A

The blood goes back to the heart in the superior and inferior vena cava vein. Then at the right side of the heart, into pulmonary arteries, then into the lungs.

26
Q

Difference between Anaerobic respiration and Aerobic Cellular respiration

A

Anaerobic : Oxygen is not present
Aerobic : Oxygen is present

27
Q

Explain Aerobic Cellular Respiration

A

Glucose and Oxygen provide energy. Glucose is created by breaking down Carbs. Glucose turns into pyruvate. With some oxygen the pyruvate is oxygenated and it becomes Acetyl-Coa. The citric cycle then occurs which requires oxygen. Then it is moved to the inner mitochondrial membrane where the electron transport chain happens (Requiring oxygen). At the end we get adenosine triphosphate ATP (Energy)

28
Q

Explain Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

A

Oxygen is not used, i.e when there is no more CO2 in body like after exercise, the body will use anaerobic respiration.
Glucose turns into lactic acid (+Little energy)
Involves the incomplete breakdown of glucose.
Waste product is lactic acid, rather than CO2
Results in cramps and fatigue
Only 5% of the energy is released compared to aerobic respiration

29
Q

How do we get rid of C02

A

Water and CO2 are waste products of respiration
CO2 Diffuses back into the bloodstream at tissue capillaries. This forms carbonic acid which is unstable and quickly changes to hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions which are stable and can then be carried by red blood cells

30
Q

What are chemoreceptors

A

Simply speaking, the chemoreceptors perform actions and send signals to the brain depending on the PH and oxygen levels

31
Q

What are the Dorsal Respiratory Group?

A

The basic rhythm of respiration is that of quiet, restful breathing known as eupnea. Quiet breathing only requires the activity of the dorsal group which activates the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles

32
Q

What is the Ventral Respiratory group

A

When the metabolic need for oxygen increases, inspiration becomes more forceful and the neurons in the ventral group are activated to bring about forceful exhalation.