respiratory system Flashcards
The respiratory and cardiovascular systems have all of the following functions in common EXCEPT
1. transport of gases.
2. exchange of gases
3. maintenance of blood pH
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1 only
2 only
3 only
1 and 2 are correct
1, 2, and 3 are correct
1, 2, and 3 are correct
Some structures in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts serve as sites for gas diffusion.
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True
False
false
The ________ cartilages of the larynx play the most important part in sound production.
arytenoid
Place the layers of the trachea in order from deep to superficial.
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A. mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia
B. submucosa, mucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia
C. adventitia, hyaline cartilage, submucosa, mucosa
D. adventitia, hyaline cartilage, mucosa, submucosa
E. hyaline cartilage, submucosa, mucosa, adventitia
A. mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia
As the bronchial tree branches from bronchi to bronchioles, cartilage decreases while smooth muscle increases.
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True
False
TRUE
Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
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The lungs surround the mediastinum.
Air normally fills the pleural cavity.
The visceral pleura covers the lungs.
The parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity.
The parietal and visceral pleura are separated by the pleural cavity.
Air normally fills the pleural cavity.
A bronchopulmonary segment is directly supplied by a ______________________.
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primary bronchus.
secondary (lobar) bronchus.
tertiary (segmental) bronchus.
respiratory bronchiole.
alveolar duct.
tertiary (segmental) bronchus.
The respiratory membrane does not include the visceral and parietal pleura.
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True
False
TRUE
The respiratory zone does NOT include any structures of the upper respiratory system.
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True
False
TRUE
The internal structures of the external nose serve which of the following functions?
1. warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air
2. creating resonance
3. increasing gas exchange
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1 only
2 only
3 only
1 and 2
1, 2, and 3
1 AND 2
The pharyngeal tonsil is found in the
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nasopharynx.
oropharynx.
adenopharynx.
laryngopharynx.
hypopharynx.
NASOPHARYNX
Which of the following tissues lines the oropharynx?
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
type I and type II alveolar cells
none of these choices
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Unlike capillaries in the rest of the body, pulmonary capillaries vasoconstrict when localized hypoxia occurs.
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True
False
TRUE
The perpendicular plate of ethmoid and the vomer make up the
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superior concha
middle concha
Hard palate
nasal septum
maxillary sinus
nasal septum
Surfactant lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid; it is produced by
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alveolar macrophages.
fibroblasts.
type I alveolar cells.
type II alveolar cells.
goblet cells.
type II alveolar cells.
A mechanical ventilator may aid directly in
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pulmonary ventilation.
external respiration.
internal respiration.
pulmonary ventilation and external respiration are correct.
pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration are correct.
pulmonary ventilation.
Decreased surfactant will affect alveolar surface tension to cause decreased pulmonary ventilation, but will have no effect on lung compliance.
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True
False
FALSE
Which of the following is considered to be a modified respiratory movement?
1. coughing
2. Valsalva maneuver
3. costal breathing
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1 only
2 only
3 only
1 and 2 are correct
1, 2, and 3 are correct
1 and 2 are correct
As you sit quietly reading these questions, you use the diaphragm, external intercostal, and scalene muscles.
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True
False
FALSE
Exhalation begins when the
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elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs occurs.
internal intercostal muscles contract.
inspiratory muscles relax.
elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs occurs and internal intercostal muscles contract.
elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs occurs, internal intercostal muscles contract, and inspiratory muscles relax.
inspiratory muscles relax.
Which is NOT true about surfactant?
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it is a mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins
it is made as soon as the alveoli begin to develop
it interferes with hydrogen bonding between water molecules
it is made by septal cells in the alveoli
it is made as soon as the alveoli begin to develop
Which is the correct sequence of events for inhalation?
1. pressure of the atmosphere is greater than the pressure within the thorax
2. volume of the thorax increases and the pressure within the thorax decreases
3. the diaphragm contracts
4. the phrenic nerve fires
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4, 3, 2, 1
1, 2, 3, 4
4, 3, 1, 2
1, 4, 3, 2
2, 1, 3, 4
4,3,2,1
If you were to take 10 breaths/min and inhaled about 600 mL/breath, your minute ventilation rate would be
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60 mL/min.
6 L/min.
10 mL/min.
1 L/min.
10 L/min.
6L/min
Spirometry testing of a young man shows that he has a total lung capacity of 6,000 mL. What is his vital capacity?
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500 mL.
1,200 mL.
2,400 mL.
3,100 mL.
4,800 mL.
4800 mL
The destruction of alveoli seen in emphysema would cause a decrease in alveolar ventilation rate.
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True
False
false
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
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According to Dalton’s law, if the partial pressure of oxygen in the air were to decrease, the partial pressures of nitrogen and carbon dioxide would increase to compensate.
According to Dalton’s law, gas at a low partial pressure will remain in solution longer than if that gas were present at a higher partial pressure.
According to Henry’s law, little nitrogen is normally present in the blood because of the low solubility of nitrogen.
All of these choices are correct.
None of these choices are correct.
According to Henry’s law, little nitrogen is normally present in the blood because of the low solubility of nitrogen.
As you move from the top of a mountain to sea level, the partial pressure of oxygen increases because total atmospheric pressure is increasing.
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True
False
true
In external respiration __________, while __________ occurs in internal respiration.
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oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli.
oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; oxygen moves from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli.
carbon dioxide moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli.
oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; oxygen moves from the tissues to the systemic capillaries.
oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the tissues to the systemic capillaries.
oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the tissues to the systemic capillaries.
All of the following affect the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange EXCEPT
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external air temperature.
partial pressure difference of the gases.
surface area available for gas exchange.
diffusion distance.
molecular weight and solubility of the gases.
external air temperature.
According to Henry’s Law, the greater the difference in partial pressure, the faster the rate of diffusion.
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True
False
false
The chloride shift refers to the movement of chloride
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into RBCs in the alveolar capillaries
out from RBCs in the alveolar capillaries
into RBCs in the systemic capillaries
out from RBCs in the systemic capillaries
into RBCs in the systemic capillaries
In a resting person, more oxygen molecules are attached to each hemoglobin molecule in blood in the pulmonary arteries than in the pulmonary veins.
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True
False
false
All of the following statements are True EXCEPT
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2,3-bisphosphoglycerate decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
hemoglobin will bind more oxygen when the partial pressure is low than when the partial pressure is high.
oxygen dissociates more readily from hemoglobin as pH decreases.
increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin.
decreasing temperature will cause a shift to the left in the hemoglobin saturation curve.
hemoglobin will bind more oxygen when the partial pressure is low than when the partial pressure is high.
Hemoglobin can unload more oxygen in metabolically active tissues than in tissues at rest because
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the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher.
lactic and carbonic acids produced by metabolically active tissues decreases pH which decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
increasing body temperature decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
All of these choices are True.
None of these choices are True.
All of these choices are True.
Fetal hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin because it binds 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate less strongly.
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True
False
false
Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood
1. as dissolved carbon dioxide.
2. as bicarbonate ions.
3. bound to heme.
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1 only
2 only
3 only
1 and 2
1, 2, and 3
1 and 2
As the amount of oxyhemoglobin decreases, the carbon dioxide carrying capacity of the blood increases. This relationship is known as
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The Bohr effect
The Haldane effect
Boyle’s law
Henry’s law
Dalton’s law
The Haldane effect
Reduced hemoglobin can bind hydrogen ions; it is a weak base that helps resist pH changes in the blood.
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True
False
true
In the medullary rhythmicity area, the dorsal respiratory group (inspiratory area) establishes the basic rhythm of quiet breathing while the ventral respiratory group (expiratory area) remains inactive.
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True
False
true
Signals from an active medullary respiratory center can override the signals from the pontine respiratory group which normally help in prolonged inhalation.
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True
False
false
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
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The inflation reflex insures that the lungs will inflate enough during forced inhalation.
A decreased blood oxygen level is the strongest physiologic trigger for increased respiration.
The appropriate physiologic response to hypercapnia is hyperventilation.
Prolonged, severe pain will cause eupnea.
Increased activity of proprioceptors will decrease the rate and depth of ventilation.
The appropriate physiologic response to hypercapnia is hyperventilation.
After holding our breath briefly, what eventually forces us to take a breath?
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decreasing oxygen levels.
increasing oxygen levels.
decreasing carbon dioxide levels.
increasing carbon dioxide levels.
increasing blood pH.
increasing carbon dioxide levels.
Peripheral chemoreceptors send information to the respiratory centers of the brain via the
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phrenic nerve
intercostal nerves
sympathetic nerves
cranial nerves V and VII
none of these choices
none of these choices
it involves baroreceptors in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles
stretch information is carried by the vagus nerve to the respiratory centers of the brain
it prevents excessive inflation of the lungs
it is important in the normal regulation of respiration
all of these choices accurately describe the Hering-Breuer reflex
it is important in the normal regulation of respiration
The abrupt increase in ventilation seen at the start of exercise is due in part to
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motor impulses from the primary motor cortex.
slightly decreased oxygen partial pressure.
slightly increased carbon dioxide partial pressure.
increased temperature.
lactic acid production.
motor impulses from the primary motor cortex.
The respiratory system, along with some of the digestive system, begins as an outgrowth of the foregut.
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True
False
true
The respiratory diverticulum that gives rise to the glands of the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli is derived from
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ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
mesenchyme
none of these choices
endoderm
Age-related changes in the respiratory system may cause
1.decrease in vital capacity of as much as 35% by age 70 due to decreased tissue elasticity.
2. an increased incidence of pneumonia and bronchitis because of decreased alveolar macrophage activity and ciliary action in the respiratory tract.
3. an increase in tidal volume due to damage to alveoli and decreased surfactant production.
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1 only
2 only
3 only
1 and 2 are correct
1, 2, and 3 are correct
1 and 2 are correct
