digestive system Flashcards
2) Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
a) The tongue is considered part of the alimentary canal since it comes into contact with food.
b) The teeth come into contact with food, but are still considered accessory digestive organs.
c) The salivary glands come into contact with food, and provide digestive enzymes.
d) Although it is a hollow organ, the gallbladder does not come into contact with food but does secrete bile.
e) The liver is considered to be part of the gastrointestinal tract since it produces secretions that flow into the small intestine.
a) The tongue is considered part of the alimentary canal since it comes into contact with food.
3) Complex carbohydrates undergo chemical digestion in the GI tract, but monosaccharides do not.
true
Skeletal muscle is found in the muscularis of the ___________, but not in the muscularis of the ________________.
a) laryngopharynx; superior portion of the esophagus.
b) tongue; oropharynx.
c) inferior portion of the esophagus; laryngopharynx.
d) middle portion of the esophagus; small intestine
e) small intestine; laryngopharynx.
d) middle portion of the esophagus; small intestine
6) The myenteric plexus
a) controls the contractile strength and frequency of the muscularis.
b) supplies the secretory cells of the mucosal epithelium.
c) contains sensory neurons which function as chemoreceptors.
d) regulates secretion by gastrointestinal organs.
e) supplies the mucosal epithelium.
a) controls the contractile strength and frequency of the muscularis.
Stretching of the GI tract by chyme will activates a gastrointestinal reflex pathway.
true
The parietal peritoneum covers the stomach, but does not cover the kidneys.
FALSE
The mesentery
a) binds the transverse and sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal wall.
b) attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm.
c) drapes over the transverse colon and coils of the small intestine.
d) extends from the posterior wall to wrap around the small intestine.
e) suspends the stomach and duodenum from the liver.
d) extends from the posterior wall to wrap around the small intestine
The oral cavity is formed by the cheeks, tongue, and Hard palate, but does not include the soft palate.
false
11) The parotid glands are found
a) in the tongue.
b) between the skin and the masseter muscle.
c) in the floor of the mouth.
d) beneath the tongue.
e) in the palate.
b) between the skin and the masseter muscle.
Sympathetic nerve impulses
a) promote continuous secretion of a moderate amount of saliva.
b) stimulate production of saliva in response to the feel and taste of food.
c) decreases salivation in times of stress.
d) promote continuous secretion of a moderate amount of saliva and stimulate production of saliva in response to the feel and taste of food are both correct.
e) promote continuous secretion of a moderate amount of saliva, stimulate production of saliva in response to the feel and taste of food, and decreases salivation in times of stress are all correct.
c) decreases salivation in times of stress.
The incisors, cuspids, premolars, and molars are required for formation of a bolus before swallowing.
false
The pharynx is part of both the ___ and the ___ organ systems.
a) digestive and muscular
b) digestive and respiratory
c) respiratory and muscular
d) digestive and endocrine
e) digestive and skeletal
b) digestive and respiratory
The simple squamous epithelium found in the esophagus allows diffusion and absorption of water.
false
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a) The upper esophageal sphincter contains smooth muscle.
b) The upper esophageal sphincter controls movement of food from the pharynx into the esophagus.
c) The lower esophageal sphincter contains smooth muscle.
d) The lower esophageal sphincter controls movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach.
e) Gastroesophageal reflex disease may be due to a defect in the lower esophageal sphincter.
a) The upper esophageal sphincter contains smooth muscle.
Deglutition describes
a) formation of a bolus before swallowing.
b) chewing of food.
c) the teeth and associated structures.
d) the act of swallowing.
e) enzymatic digestion of food in the mouth.
d) the act of swallowing.
The pharyngeal phase of swallowing
a) begins when the tongue thrusts the bolus into the oral cavity.
b) is voluntary
c) ends when the esophagus closes off the larynx.
d) begins when the soft palate and uvula close off the nasopharynx.
e) begins when the bolus enters the oropharynx.
e) begins when the bolus enters the oropharynx.
Peristalsis in the esophagus is controlled by the myenteric plexus.
false
The esophageal epithlelium is comprised of ________, while the epithelium of the stomach is comprised of ______________.
a) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium which helps move the bolus; stratified squamous epithelium which helps protect against acid.
b) stratified squamous epithelium which helps protect against friction; simple columnar epithelium which provides secretion and some protection.
c) simple columnar epithelium which provides secretion and some protection; simple columnar epithelium which provides secretion and some protection.
d) stratified squamous epithelium which helps protect against friction; stratified squamous epithelium which helps protect against friction
e) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium which helps move the bolus; simple squamous epithelium which aids in absorption of nutrients
b) stratified squamous epithelium which helps protect against friction; simple columnar epithelium which provides secretion and some protection.
Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor are secreted in the stomach by
a) parietal cells.
b) chief cells.
c) G cells.
d) mucous neck cells.
e) surface mucous cells.
a) parietal cells
Pepsinogen is an active protease in the stomach.
Answer: False
The pancreatic acini are small clusters of glandular epithelial cells which comprise the exocrine portion of the pancreas.
true
Pancreatic juice does all of the following EXCEPT
a) buffer gastric juice.
b) provide protein-digesting enzymes in inactive form.
c) provide starch-digesting enzymes.
d) provide glucagon.
e) stop the action of pepsin.
d) provide glucagon.
Which of the following correctly details the flow of blood through the liver to the inferior vena cava?
a) hepatic artery > liver sinusoids > central vein > hepatic vein > hepatic portal vein
b) hepatic artery > hepatic portal vein > liver sinusoids > central vein > hepatic vein
c) hepatic artery > central vein > hepatic portal vein > liver sinusoids > hepatic vein
d) hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein > liver sinsoids > central vein > hepatic vein
e) hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein > liver sinusoids > central vein > hepatic vein
d) hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein > liver sinsoids > central vein > hepatic vein
Secretions from the liver and gallbladder are united in the common bile duct and enter the duodenum through the sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
true
Bile enters the gallbladder from the liver through the common bile duct and leaves the gallbladder through the cystic duct.
false
Bile breaks down fats into monoglycerides and fatty acids
false
Peristalsis in the small intestine
a) is also known as segmentation.
b) is a series of migrating motility complexes.
c) mixes chyme with digestive enzymes.
d) A and B are correct.
e) A, B, and C are correct.
b) is a series of migrating motility complexes.
You absolutely love plain, unsweetened whipped cream and you have eaten a cup of it by itself. Which of the following enzymes would be most useful in digesting this snack?
a) pancreatic amylase
b) aminopeptidase
c) gastric lipase
d) pepsin
e) deoxyribonuclease
c) gastric lipase
Most proteins are absorbed as amino acids through __________, while dietary lipids are absorbed through ___________.
a) facilitated diffusion; active transport
b) active transport; facilitated diffusion
c) facilitated diffusion; simple diffusion
d) simple diffusion; active transport
e) active transport; simple diffusion
e) active transport; simple diffusion
Absorbed nutrients reach the liver via the hepatic portal system.
true
Negatively charged ions such as bicarbonate, chloride, iodide, and nitrate may be absorbed by
1. active transport.
2. passively following sodium ions.
3. passively following water through osmosis.
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 1 and 2 are correct.
e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
d) 1 and 2 are correct.
In order from the small intestine to the anus, the major regions of the large intestine are
a) ascending colon, sigmoid colon, transverse colon, descending colon, cecum, rectum, anal canal
b) cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal
c) ascending colon, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, descending colon, cecum, anal canal, rectum
d) cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, anal canal, rectum
e) ascending colon, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, descending colon, anal canal, cecum, rectum
cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal
The teniae coli are
a) pouches in the large intestine.
b) located at the bottom of the intestinal glands.
c) structures which increase the surface area of the large intestine.
d) small pouches of visceral peritoneum filled with fat.
e) thickened portions of the longitudinal muscles of the muscularis.
e) thickened portions of the longitudinal muscles of the muscularis.
The gastrocolic reflex
a) initiates mass peristalsis.
b) intensifies peristalsis in the ileum.
c) forces chyme into the cecum.
d) is initiated by secretion of gastrin.
e) occurs segmentally in the haustra
initiates mass peristalsis.
Voluntary control of the external anal sphincter can occur because the smooth muscles involved are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.
false
The bacteria in the large intestine
a) ferment carbohydrates.
b) convert proteins to amino acids.
c) result in formation of indoles and skatoles.
d) decompose bilirubin to stercobilin.
e) All of these choices are correct
e) All of these choices are correct.
As you smell food, your mouth begins to water and your stomach rumbles. This signals the beginning of the gastric phase of digestion.
Answer: False
Gastrin
1. stimulates secretion of large amounts of gastric juice.
2. strengthens contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter.
3. secretion is stimulated by low pH and inhibited by high pH.
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 1 and 2 are correct.
e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
d) 1 and 2 are correct.
The enterogastric reflex
a) is stimulated by the presence of chyme in the stomach
b) is stimulated by the presence of chyme in the duodenum.
c) results in decreased contraction of the pyloric sphincter.
d) increases gastric emptying.
e) is the result of parasympathetic stimulation.
b) is stimulated by the presence of chyme in the duodenum
_________ stimulates increased secretion of pancreatic juice that is rich in bicarbonate ions.
a) Gastrin
b) Secretin
c) Cholecystokinin
d) Pepsin
e) Somatostatin
b) Secretin
The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas develop from the midgut.
false
All of the following may occur in the digestive system as a result of aging EXCEPT
a) decreased incidence of appendicitis and acute pancreatitis.
b) decreased response to pain and internal sensations.
c) increased incidence of duodenal ulcers.
d) dysregulated neurosensory Learning Objective.
e) decreased sensitivity to mouth irritations and ulcers.
a) decreased incidence of appendicitis and acute pancreatitis.
