digestive system

Question 1

2) Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

a) The tongue is considered part of the alimentary canal since it comes into contact with food.
b) The teeth come into contact with food, but are still considered accessory digestive organs.
c) The salivary glands come into contact with food, and provide digestive enzymes.
d) Although it is a hollow organ, the gallbladder does not come into contact with food but does secrete bile.
e) The liver is considered to be part of the gastrointestinal tract since it produces secretions that flow into the small intestine.

Answer 1

a) The tongue is considered part of the alimentary canal since it comes into contact with food.

Question 2

3) Complex carbohydrates undergo chemical digestion in the GI tract, but monosaccharides do not.

Answer 2

true

Question 3

Skeletal muscle is found in the muscularis of the ___________, but not in the muscularis of the ________________.

a) laryngopharynx; superior portion of the esophagus.
b) tongue; oropharynx.
c) inferior portion of the esophagus; laryngopharynx.
d) middle portion of the esophagus; small intestine
e) small intestine; laryngopharynx.

Answer 3

d) middle portion of the esophagus; small intestine

Question 4

6) The myenteric plexus

a) controls the contractile strength and frequency of the muscularis.
b) supplies the secretory cells of the mucosal epithelium.
c) contains sensory neurons which function as chemoreceptors.
d) regulates secretion by gastrointestinal organs.
e) supplies the mucosal epithelium.

Answer 4

a) controls the contractile strength and frequency of the muscularis.

Question 5

Stretching of the GI tract by chyme will activates a gastrointestinal reflex pathway.

Answer 5

true

Question 6

The parietal peritoneum covers the stomach, but does not cover the kidneys.

Answer 6

FALSE

Question 7

The mesentery

a) binds the transverse and sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal wall.
b) attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm.
c) drapes over the transverse colon and coils of the small intestine.
d) extends from the posterior wall to wrap around the small intestine.
e) suspends the stomach and duodenum from the liver.

Answer 7

d) extends from the posterior wall to wrap around the small intestine

Question 8

The oral cavity is formed by the cheeks, tongue, and Hard palate, but does not include the soft palate.

Answer 8

false

Question 9

11) The parotid glands are found

a) in the tongue.
b) between the skin and the masseter muscle.
c) in the floor of the mouth.
d) beneath the tongue.
e) in the palate.

Answer 9

b) between the skin and the masseter muscle.

Question 10

Sympathetic nerve impulses

a) promote continuous secretion of a moderate amount of saliva.
b) stimulate production of saliva in response to the feel and taste of food.
c) decreases salivation in times of stress.
d) promote continuous secretion of a moderate amount of saliva and stimulate production of saliva in response to the feel and taste of food are both correct.
e) promote continuous secretion of a moderate amount of saliva, stimulate production of saliva in response to the feel and taste of food, and decreases salivation in times of stress are all correct.

Answer 10

c) decreases salivation in times of stress.

Question 11

The incisors, cuspids, premolars, and molars are required for formation of a bolus before swallowing.

Answer 11

false

Question 12

The pharynx is part of both the ___ and the ___ organ systems.

a) digestive and muscular
b) digestive and respiratory
c) respiratory and muscular
d) digestive and endocrine
e) digestive and skeletal

Answer 12

b) digestive and respiratory

Question 13

The simple squamous epithelium found in the esophagus allows diffusion and absorption of water.

Answer 13

false

Question 14

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

a) The upper esophageal sphincter contains smooth muscle.
b) The upper esophageal sphincter controls movement of food from the pharynx into the esophagus.
c) The lower esophageal sphincter contains smooth muscle.
d) The lower esophageal sphincter controls movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach.
e) Gastroesophageal reflex disease may be due to a defect in the lower esophageal sphincter.

Answer 14

a) The upper esophageal sphincter contains smooth muscle.

Question 15

Deglutition describes

a) formation of a bolus before swallowing.
b) chewing of food.
c) the teeth and associated structures.
d) the act of swallowing.
e) enzymatic digestion of food in the mouth.

Answer 15

d) the act of swallowing.

Question 16

The pharyngeal phase of swallowing

a) begins when the tongue thrusts the bolus into the oral cavity.
b) is voluntary
c) ends when the esophagus closes off the larynx.
d) begins when the soft palate and uvula close off the nasopharynx.
e) begins when the bolus enters the oropharynx.

Answer 16

e) begins when the bolus enters the oropharynx.

Question 17

Peristalsis in the esophagus is controlled by the myenteric plexus.

Answer 17

false

Question 18

The esophageal epithlelium is comprised of ________, while the epithelium of the stomach is comprised of ______________.

a) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium which helps move the bolus; stratified squamous epithelium which helps protect against acid.
b) stratified squamous epithelium which helps protect against friction; simple columnar epithelium which provides secretion and some protection.
c) simple columnar epithelium which provides secretion and some protection; simple columnar epithelium which provides secretion and some protection.
d) stratified squamous epithelium which helps protect against friction; stratified squamous epithelium which helps protect against friction
e) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium which helps move the bolus; simple squamous epithelium which aids in absorption of nutrients

Answer 18

b) stratified squamous epithelium which helps protect against friction; simple columnar epithelium which provides secretion and some protection.

Question 19

Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor are secreted in the stomach by

a) parietal cells.
b) chief cells.
c) G cells.
d) mucous neck cells.
e) surface mucous cells.

Answer 19

a) parietal cells

Question 20

Pepsinogen is an active protease in the stomach.

Answer 20

Answer: False

Question 21

The pancreatic acini are small clusters of glandular epithelial cells which comprise the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

Answer 21

true

Question 22

Pancreatic juice does all of the following EXCEPT

a) buffer gastric juice.
b) provide protein-digesting enzymes in inactive form.
c) provide starch-digesting enzymes.
d) provide glucagon.
e) stop the action of pepsin.

Answer 22

d) provide glucagon.

Question 23

Which of the following correctly details the flow of blood through the liver to the inferior vena cava?

a) hepatic artery > liver sinusoids > central vein > hepatic vein > hepatic portal vein
b) hepatic artery > hepatic portal vein > liver sinusoids > central vein > hepatic vein
c) hepatic artery > central vein > hepatic portal vein > liver sinusoids > hepatic vein
d) hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein > liver sinsoids > central vein > hepatic vein
e) hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein > liver sinusoids > central vein > hepatic vein

Answer 23

d) hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein > liver sinsoids > central vein > hepatic vein

Question 24

Secretions from the liver and gallbladder are united in the common bile duct and enter the duodenum through the sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla.

Answer 24

true

Question 25

Bile enters the gallbladder from the liver through the common bile duct and leaves the gallbladder through the cystic duct.

Answer 25

false

Question 26

Bile breaks down fats into monoglycerides and fatty acids

Answer 26

false

Question 27

Peristalsis in the small intestine

a) is also known as segmentation.
b) is a series of migrating motility complexes.
c) mixes chyme with digestive enzymes.
d) A and B are correct.
e) A, B, and C are correct.

Answer 27

b) is a series of migrating motility complexes.

Question 28

You absolutely love plain, unsweetened whipped cream and you have eaten a cup of it by itself. Which of the following enzymes would be most useful in digesting this snack?

a) pancreatic amylase
b) aminopeptidase
c) gastric lipase
d) pepsin
e) deoxyribonuclease

Answer 28

c) gastric lipase

Question 29

Most proteins are absorbed as amino acids through __________, while dietary lipids are absorbed through ___________.

a) facilitated diffusion; active transport
b) active transport; facilitated diffusion
c) facilitated diffusion; simple diffusion
d) simple diffusion; active transport
e) active transport; simple diffusion

Answer 29

e) active transport; simple diffusion

Question 30

Absorbed nutrients reach the liver via the hepatic portal system.

Answer 30

true

Question 31

Negatively charged ions such as bicarbonate, chloride, iodide, and nitrate may be absorbed by
1. active transport.
2. passively following sodium ions.
3. passively following water through osmosis.

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 1 and 2 are correct.
e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct.

Answer 31

d) 1 and 2 are correct.

Question 32

In order from the small intestine to the anus, the major regions of the large intestine are

a) ascending colon, sigmoid colon, transverse colon, descending colon, cecum, rectum, anal canal
b) cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal
c) ascending colon, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, descending colon, cecum, anal canal, rectum
d) cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, anal canal, rectum
e) ascending colon, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, descending colon, anal canal, cecum, rectum

Answer 32

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal

Question 33

The teniae coli are

a) pouches in the large intestine.
b) located at the bottom of the intestinal glands.
c) structures which increase the surface area of the large intestine.
d) small pouches of visceral peritoneum filled with fat.
e) thickened portions of the longitudinal muscles of the muscularis.

Answer 33

e) thickened portions of the longitudinal muscles of the muscularis.

Question 34

The gastrocolic reflex

a) initiates mass peristalsis.
b) intensifies peristalsis in the ileum.
c) forces chyme into the cecum.
d) is initiated by secretion of gastrin.
e) occurs segmentally in the haustra

Answer 34

initiates mass peristalsis.

Question 35

Voluntary control of the external anal sphincter can occur because the smooth muscles involved are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.

Answer 35

false

Question 36

The bacteria in the large intestine

a) ferment carbohydrates.
b) convert proteins to amino acids.
c) result in formation of indoles and skatoles.
d) decompose bilirubin to stercobilin.
e) All of these choices are correct

Answer 36

e) All of these choices are correct.

Question 37

As you smell food, your mouth begins to water and your stomach rumbles. This signals the beginning of the gastric phase of digestion.

Answer 37

Answer: False

Question 38

Gastrin
1. stimulates secretion of large amounts of gastric juice.
2. strengthens contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter.
3. secretion is stimulated by low pH and inhibited by high pH.

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 1 and 2 are correct.
e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct.

Answer 38

d) 1 and 2 are correct.

Question 39

The enterogastric reflex

a) is stimulated by the presence of chyme in the stomach
b) is stimulated by the presence of chyme in the duodenum.
c) results in decreased contraction of the pyloric sphincter.
d) increases gastric emptying.
e) is the result of parasympathetic stimulation.

Answer 39

b) is stimulated by the presence of chyme in the duodenum

Question 40

_________ stimulates increased secretion of pancreatic juice that is rich in bicarbonate ions.

a) Gastrin
b) Secretin
c) Cholecystokinin
d) Pepsin
e) Somatostatin

Answer 40

b) Secretin

Question 41

The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas develop from the midgut.

Answer 41

false

Question 42

All of the following may occur in the digestive system as a result of aging EXCEPT

a) decreased incidence of appendicitis and acute pancreatitis.
b) decreased response to pain and internal sensations.
c) increased incidence of duodenal ulcers.
d) dysregulated neurosensory Learning Objective.
e) decreased sensitivity to mouth irritations and ulcers.

Answer 42

a) decreased incidence of appendicitis and acute pancreatitis.