RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
Serves as a passageway for air to pass to and and from the lungs
Nose
It filters impurities and humidifies and warms the air as it is inhaled
Nose
The EXTERNAL OPENING of the nasal cavities allow air to enter the nose and pass into the nasal cavity
Nostrils/Nares
A vestibule that has a hair like projections called?
Vibrissae
Narrow vertical DIVIDER that separates the right and left nasal cavities
Nasal septum
It forms the UPPER CHAMBER of the nasal cavities that function to increase the surface area of nasal cavities. Thus providing RAPID warming and humidification of air as it passes to the lungs
Conchae
Air - filled extensions of the nasal cavity which are four pairs of bony cavities that are lined with nasal mucosa and ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
Paranasal sinuses
Serve as RESONATING CHAMBER in speech “Common site of infection”
Paranasal sinuses
Pain above the eyebrow
Frontal sinus
Pain in and around the eyes
Ethmoid sinus
Pain around the cheeks
Maxillary sinus
Pain behind the eyes
Sphenoid sinus
Inflammation of sinus
Sinusitis
What are the 3 causative agent of sinusitis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus Influence
Moraxella Catarrhalis
DOC of pain for sinusitis
Codiene
SE of codiene
Drowsiness and Constipation
Why not ASA (Aspirin)
May cause nasal polyps
DOC antibiotics for sinusitis
Amoxicillin for 7 to 10 days
Nasal decongestants
Dimetapp
Sudafed
For 24 to 72 hrs
A tube-like structure that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx
Pharynx
Passageway for the respiratory and digestive tracts
Pharynx
S/sx of Catarrhal Syndrome
Coryza
Headache
Ear pain
Fever
What is the Causative agent of fungal sinusitis
Candida Albicans
Muscular box - shaped passageway posterior to the nose/ behind the nose just above the roof of mouth above the soft palate
Nasopharynx
Allows air to pass from the nose into windpipe and eventually into the lungs common site for suction cathether
Nasopharynx
Includes the back part of the tongue, tonsils, soft palate and the sides and walls of the throat
Oropharynx
Refers to the point at which the pharynx divides anteriorly into the larynx and posteriorly into the esophagus
Laryngopharynx
Regulates the passage of air to the lungs and food and fluid to the esophagus
Laryngopharynx
Opens when you speak; Closes when you eat
Epiglottis
Flap of cartilage located in the throat behind the tongue and in front of the larynx
Epiglottis
Forms the entrance to the larynx/ covers the larynx
Epiglottis
Keeps food and liquid from getting into the respiratory system
Epiglottis
Lymph nodes in the back of the mouth and top of the throat
Tonsils
They help to filter out bacteria and other germs to prevent infection in the obdy
Tonsils
Recommended position After tonsillectomy (UNCONSCIOUS)
What is the rationale
Prone, head turn to other side with pillow under the chest
Why? To promote drainage of secretions and to prevent aspiration
Recommended position After tonsillectomy (AWAKE) and Rationale
Semi fowler
Why? To promote lung expansion
S/Sx of Hemorrhage after tonsillectomy
Restlessness
Frequent swallowing
Dec. BP
Hematemesis/Hemoptysis
Melana for 2 to 3 days
+ blood in the nape
Hypotension
Decrease Level of consciousness
Causative agent of tonsilitis
GABHS (Group A Beta Hemolytic Streptoccocus)
Why milk is contraindicated after tonsillectomy?
May cause viscosity of secretions/ mucous
Why we need to encourage the pt. to avoid coughing, sneezing, blowing nose for 1-2 weeks
To avoid occurrence of wound dehiscence
Why PTT need to rule out?
Tonsillectomy is bloody pt may prone to bleeding
Tonsillectomy is only allowed how many times per year?
1-3x
If tonsillectomy left untreated what are the possible complications?
Acute glomerulus nephrons (AGN)
Renal Failure
S/Sx of tonsillitis
(D E H F T)
Dysphagia
Ear pain
Halitosis
Fever
Throat discomfort when drinking hot/acidic Beverages
A cartilaginous epithelium - lined structure that connects the pharynx and the trachea. The major function is VOCALIZATION
Larynx
Protects the lower airway from foreign substances and facilities coughing
Larynx
Initial manifestation of LARYNGEAL CANCER
Hoarseness of voice
Effects of TOTAL LARYNGECTOMY
Loss of permanent voice
Loss of smell
Inability to:
B - low
S - neeze/sip from straw
W -histle
G- argle
V- alsalva maneuver
Composed of smooth muscle with C- shaped rings of cartilage at regular intervals.
Trachea
Serves as the passage between the larynx and the bronchi; allowing the passage of air
Trachea
It is paired elastic structures enclosed in the thoracic cage. “MAJOR ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM”
Lungs
Right and left has?
R: 3 lobes ; L: 2 lobes
This organ separated by the mediastinum the area that contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and many lymph node
Lungs
Predisposing factors of LUNG CANCER
Excess cigarette smoking
Expose to asbestos
Hereditary
4 WARNING SIGNS OF LUNG CANCER? PHRC
P- ersistent hacking non - persistent cough
H - emoptysis
R - usty colored sputum
C - hest pain/Arm pain
Late signs of LUNG CANCER WAWA
W -eakness
A- nemia
W - eight loss
A- norexia
Removal of lungs
Pneumonectomy
Recommended position for Pneumonectomy
Towards the AFFECTED SIDE
Rationale: To prevent leakage of fluid into the unaffected side
To avoid Pneumothorax
Why do we need to avoid full side lying?
To avoid mediastinal shift
Removal of Lobe
Lobectomy
Recommended position for Lobectomy
Towards the UNAFFECTED SIDE
Rationale: To prevent re - expansion of the affected part of the lungs
Inflammation of lung tissue/ Lung pharynchema
Pneumonia
What is the hallmark of Pneumonia
Rusty colored sputum
Located in the middle of the thorax, between the pleural sacs that contain the two lungs
Mediastinum
It extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and contains all the thoracic tissue outside the lungss
Mediastinum
A serous membrane that lines the lungs and wall of the thorax
Pleural
A type of pleura that “Covers the lungs”
Visceral
A type of pleura that “Lines the thorax”
Parietal
Serve to lubricate the thorax and lungs and permit smooth motion of the lungs within the thoracic cavity with each other
Pleura
Amount of fluid in the pleural space
10 -20 ml
Accumulation of fluid in pleural space
Pleural effusion
Water in pleural space
Hydrothorax
Blood in pleural space
Hemothorax
Inflammation of pleurae
Pleurisy
Air in pleural space
Pneumothorax
Accumulation of pus/purulent in the pleural cavity
Empyema
Removal of fluid/air from the pleural cavity
Thoracentesis
Recommended position DURING thoracentesis
Sitting upright, leaning forward
Recommended position AFTER thoracentesis
TOWARDS UNAFFACTED SIDE ; to prevent leakage of fluid to the affected side
The large tubes that connect to the trachea and direct the air that we breathe to the right and left lungs
Bronchi
The smaller branches of the bronchial airways in the lower respiratory tract that lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli
Bronchioles
Dilatation of bronchiole’s
Bronchiectasis
Hallmark of Bronchiectasis
Persistent not productive cough
Purulent sputum is greater than
500ml/day
Tiny air sac that function sac as basic respiratory units
Alveoli
It is a type of alveolar cells that secret surfactant a phospholipid that lines the inner surface and prevents alveolar collapse
TYPE II
It is a type of alveolar cells that major gas exchange occurs
TYPE I
It is a type of alveolar cells that engulf bacteria/ ingest foreign matter and act as important defense mechanism
TYPE III
This test measures the amount of 2 substances that are found in the amniotic fluid during pregnancy
Lecithin Sphingomyelin Ratio
DOC For ARDS
Betamethasone
Dexamethasone
Overdistention of Alveoli
Emphysema
Hallmark of emphysema
Barrel chest/ Inc. AP diameter
Safest amount of O2
1-2 L/min
DIET OF pt. with COPD
Inc. Protein and Vit. C
Dec. Carbs and fats
What electrolyte imbalance for COPD
Respiratory Acidosis
Decrease PH Increase CO2
Vestibule is also called
NASAL CAVITY
It extends from hyoid bone to cricoid cartilage
LARYNGOPHARYNX
Readily infects the mucous membrane of the sinus
VIRAL SINUSITIS
It follows after an allergic reaction
ACUTE SINUSITIS
Follows after 2 weeks of an upper respiratory infection
CHRONIC SINUSITIS
Inflammation of the tonsils
TONSILLITIS
If tonsillitis occurs more than 4 to 6x a year
Tonsillectomy
Nursing Intervention for Sore throat
WARM SALINE GARGLE
Nursing intervention for post tonsillectomy
-Provide Ice chips/Cold Chips
-Avoid red/dark colored beverages why? It may conceal the s/sx of Bleeding
Expected color of stool for few days
BALCK TARRY STOOL/MELENA
Why?
Due to the Blood that swallowed
It is also called as VOICE BOX
LARYNX
Cause of Laryngeal cancer
Excessive smoking
Exposure to asbestos
It is also called as the WIND PIPE
TRACHEA
The trachea is about how many cm or inches
11-13cm or 5-6 inches
It is the confinement of organs in one area or one side only due to pneumothorax
MEDIASTINAL SHIFT
Chest tube is not required in this procedure to prevent pneumothorax
PNEUMONECTOMY
In this procedure it requires Chest tube
Amount of fluid withdrawn during thoracentesis
Not more than 60ml
How many alveoli is present in the lungs that arranged in a cluster of 15 to 20
300 million
Normal ratio in LSR
2:1
This test indicates fetal lung maturity
LSR LECITHIN SPHINGOMYELIN RATIO
A disease that causes lung immaturity
ARDS
