Respiratory System 14-19 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 key conditions for air?
A
Clean, warm, and moist.
2
Q
What are the 4 things the respiratory system needs to be efficient?
A
Surface for gas exchange
Path for air to follow and reach surface in optimal condition
Ability to draw breath in and out
Sound production and olfaction.
3
Q
What are the main components of the respiratory system (5)?
A
URT
LRT
Thoracic Cavity
Joints
Respiratory Muscles
4
Q
What is the purpose of the nasal cavity?
A
Olfaction
5
Q
What is the purpose of the oral cavity?
A
Passage for food and air
6
Q
What is the purpose of the conducting zone?
A
Nose to bronchioles, ensure that the air is in the right condition
7
Q
What is the function of the respiratory zone?
A
Bronchioles to alveoli, sites of gas exchange (true area of gas exchange)
8
Q
What is the epithelium attached to in the respiratory system?
A
Lamina Propria
9
Q
What is the respiratory tract lined with>
A
Mucosa
10
Q
What kind of epithelia in the conducting zone?
A
Respiratory epithelium
11
Q
What kind of epithelia is in the Oral cavity
A
Stratified squamous
12
Q
What kind of epithelium is in the respiratory zone?
A
Simple squamous
13
Q
What kind of epithelia is in the nasal cavity?
A
Olfactory mucosa.
14
Q
What is mucosa attached via?
A
The basement membrane, to the lamina propria
15
Q
What is the submucosal layer and where is it located?
A
Connective tissue, may contain glands. Located below the mucosa layer.
16
Q
What is the full name for respiratory epithelium?
A
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)
17
Q
Where is the respiratory epithelium located?
A
Found in nasal cavity, part of the pharynx, larnyx, trachea, and bronchi.
18
Q
Why is the Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, pseudo?
A
Because it is attached to the basement membrane.
19
Q
What cells produce mucus?
A
Goblet cells
20
Q
What is the purpose of mucus?
A
Trap debris, moisten air
21
Q
What is the purpose of ciliated cells?
A
Pushes movement towards the pharynx, swallows and digested by the stomach acid.
22
Q
Why does our nose run when we are sick?
A
Cilia stop beating in cold temperatures, it will then cause the mucus to dribble out of your nose
23
Q
Why do we cough when are unwell?
A
When we are sick, the body produces more mucus, so we cough to help the cilia to move the mucus.
24
Q
Why do smokers cough?
A
Cigarette smoke paralyses and destroys cilia, mucus accumulates and we cough to try and remove it.
25
What are the 3 components of the URT?
Nose and nasal cavity
Paranasal Sinuses
Pharynx
26
What are the 3 components of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
27
What is the functions of the URT?
conducting passage
Prepares air for gas exchange
Speech
Olfaction
28
What is the purpose of the paranasal sinuses
Resonating chambers for speech
29
What is the structure of the nose?
Soft, flexible cartilages
Nostrils
Vestibules lined with skin
30
What is the purpose of the cartilages in the nose?
Maintain an unobstructed airway
31
What is the purpose of the vestibule (passageway) within the nose?
Lined with skin
Has sebaceous and sweat glands, hair follicles
Vibrissae filter air
32
What is a vibrissae?
Hair
33
DEscribe the posterior and anterior structure of the nasal septum
Anterior is made of cartilage and posterior is made of bone
34
Where do the internal nares open into?
Nasal pharynx
35
What is the roof od the nasal cavity formed by?
Ethmoid and sphenoid bones
36
What is the floor of the nasal cavity formed by?
Hard and soft palates
37
What is on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Conchae
38
What are the conchae?
3 projections that swirl and allow more time for the processes of warming, and olfactory detection as well as filtering via mucosa
39
What type of epithelia is the conchae covered in?
respiratory epithelium.
40
Where is the nasal epithelium located?
Nasal cavity
41
Describe the structure of nasal epithelium
Most respiratory epithelium but has specialised area of olfactory epithelium (contains smell receptors)
42
Describe the nasal mucosa
Sits on the lamina propria and the thin walled vascular plexus helps to warm incoming air
43
Where do nose bleeds originate from?
Damage to the nasal mucosa
44
What is a sinus?
Cavity within bone (normally air filled)
45
Where are the 4 paranasal sinuses found?
In the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
46
Where do the paranasal sinuses drain into?
Pharynx
47
What are the roles of the paransal sinuses? 4
Lighten skull, increase surface area, sound resonance
48
What is the pharynx?
Muscular funnel-shaped tube shared by the respiratory and digestive systems
49
What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?
Nasopharyx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
50
What is the purpose of the nasopharynx?
Air passage only
51
What are the 4 parts of the nasopharyx?
Soft palate and ulvula
Auditory tubes
Pharyngeal tonsils
52
Where do the auditory tubes drain from and to?
From the middle ear to the nasopharynx
53
What is the purpose of the soft palate and the uvula?
Prevent food from entering the nasal cavity
54
What kind of mucosa is in the nasopharynx?
Respiratory mucosa
55
What is the purpose of the oropharynx?
Air and food can both pass
56
What 2 tonsils are located in the pharynx?
Palatine and lingual
57
What kind of epithelium is the in the orophayrnx?
Stratified squamous
58
What is the purpose of the laryngopharynx?
Air and food can pass
59
What epithelium type is in the laryngopharynx?
Stratified squamous
60
Where is the laryngopharynx located?
Hyloid bone to the opening of the larynx
61
What is the function of the LRT?
Conduct air into the respiratory zone and give it its optimal condition
62
What is the respiratory zone?
Barrier between air and blood
63
What is the epiglottis?
Closes over airway when swallowing.
64
What is the cricoid cartilage function?
Circular tube around the trachea
65
What is the larynx?
Passage for air only
66
Where is the larynx located?
From the hyloid bone to the trachea, anterior to the esophagus
67
What is the purpose of cartilage in the LRT?
Protect and maintain open ariway
68
What is the glottis?
Voice box, folds attaches to the cartilages
69
What are the true vocal cords and their functions?
Vocal folds, passing air causes vibrations
70
What are the vestibular folds?
False vocal cords, they are superior to the vocal folds and they protect the vocal cords from things entering the glottis
71
Where is the trachea located?
Anterior to the esophagus
72
What is the funtion of the trachea?
Maintain patent airway, make air into optimal condition
73
What kind of epithelium is in the trachea?
Respiratory epithelium
74
Describe the cartilage in the tracea
C-shaped rings to allow the esophagus to expand
75
What is the trachealis muscle used for?
Coughing
76
True or false, there is lots of elastin in the lamina propria of the trachea?
True
77
What is the mucociliary escalator used for?
Removes debris to the pharynx to be swallowed
78
Describe how the mucociliary escalor works
Has mucus and cilia, the debris becomes trapped and the cilia beat against gravity.
79
How many lobes on each of the lungs?
3 lobes on the right and 2 on the left
80
What is the hilum?
Where bronchi and blood vessels enter the lungs
81
Describe the shape of the lungs (3)
The apex is the superior region
Costal surface is lateral against ribs
Base of the lung sits of the diaphragm
82
What are the 6 main structures of the bronchial tree?
Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Secondary (lobar)
Tertiary (segmental)
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
83
What is the structure of the primary bronchi?
Respiratory epithelium
Cartilage and smooth muscle rings (complete)
84
What is the structure and function of the secondary and tertiary bronchi?
Respiratory epithlium starts to decrease as does goblet cells
Cartilage plates
85
What is the structure of the bronchioles?
Cuboidal epithelium
No cartilage (but thick smooth muscle)
1mm
86
What is the function of the terminal bronchiole?
Each supply pulmonary lobule
87
What is a pulmonary lobule?
Made of any alveoli sacs
88
What epithlium are the alveolar walls made up of?
Simple squamous
89
What is a pneumocyte?
Lung epithelial cell
90
Describe type I pneumocyte
Squamous, they form the blood/air barrier of the capillary and share a basement membrane
91
Describe type 2 pneumocyte
Cuboidal
LEss frequent, they secrete surfactant which helps to maintain surface tension of the alveoli
92
Describe the structure of the blood/air barrier
Surfactant on the top, fused shared basement membrane
93
What cells remove debris from the alveoli?
Macrophages
94
Where is the visceral layer located?
On the organ
95
Where is the parietal layer located?
Bidy wall
96
What are the 2 parts of the thoracic cavity?
Pericardium
Pleura
97
What is the pleura?
Covering of the lungs (split into the parietal and visseral layers)
98
What is in the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity? 3
Heart
Vessels
Pericardium
99
What is in the pleural cavities?
Lungs
100
What is the purpose of having the lungs in 2 separate cavities?
So that if one stops functioning, you still have another
101
What is ventilation driven by?
Pressure changes in the thoracic cavity
102
What is the purpose of pleural fluid?
Slippery surface for frictionless movement
103
What is Boyle's law?
The pressure of gas is inversely related to its volume - the bigger the volume, the lower the pressure of gas
104
How does your rib cage forma pressure gradient?
Diaphragm drops and rib cage expands, increasing the volume and dropping the pressure
105
Are lungs low or high compliance?
High
106
What are the 2 opposing forces that need to be overcome to take a breath?
Stiffness of the lungs
Resistance of the airways
107
How does the bronchial tree help to resistance to the lungs
Rings of smooth muscle which can contract and relax in a process called bronchodilation.
108
How is the luminal radius related to the blood flow
Rule of 16, tiny changes in the lumen can mean huge changes to resistance and flow
109
What is an obstructive airway disorder?
Resistance to airflow e.g. asthma
110
What is a restrictive breathing disorder?
Reduced lung capacity e.g. insufficient surfactant release or fibrosis
111
What does a spirometer measure?
Volume inspired and exhaled
112
What is tidal volume?
Volume of air moved in and out with normal breath
113
What is the inspiratory reserve volume?
Extra volume that can be inspired with maximal inhalation
114
What is expiratory reserve volume
Extra volume that can be exhaled with maximal effort
115
What is residal volume?
Volume remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation
116
What is minimal volume?
Volume remaining in lungs if they collapsed
117
What is vital capacity? 3
Inspiratory, expiratory, and tidal.
Volume of air you can shift in and out of your lungs
118
What is total lung capacity?
Vital capacity and residual volume.
Total volume in lungs when you've filled them to the max
119
What is inspiratory capacity?
Inspiratory reserve and tidal volume
Total volume of air you can inspire from rest
120
What is the functional residual capacity?
Expiratory reserve and residual volume
121
How can we calculate the respiratory minute volume?
Tidal volume x respiratory rate
122
What is dead space?
Some portion of every breath gets stuck in the airways
123
How can we calculate alveolar ventilation?
(tidal volume - dead space) x respiratory rate
124
Is alveolar ventilation proportional to respiraotry minute volume?
No, it is less
124
What determines the rate of diffusion? 3
Surface area of the membranes
Thickness of the membranes
Pressure difference
125
What creates a large surface area for gas exchange?
Alveoli and high density of capillaries
126
what is emphysema?
Disease that dilates alveolar spaces and destroys the walls
127
What is the blood air barrier comprised of?
Alveolar and capillary walls
128
What is pulmonary fibrosis?
Thickening and scarring of alveolar membranes
129
What do alveolar oxygen levels depend on? 3
Atmospheric oxygen
Alveolar Ventilation
Blood oxygen levels
130
How is oxygen carried in the blood? 2
Dissolved
Bound to haemoglobin
131
Does oxygen dissolve poorly or well?
Poorly, particularly because blood is warm
132
How many oxygen can one haemoglobin bind?
4
133
What part of the haemoglobin binds to the oxygen?
Iron
134
What shape is the haemoglobin binding curve?
Sigmoidal
135
What reduces the affinity of oxygen?
Lower pH and higher temperature
136
Does exercise increase or decrease oxygen affinity?
It tends to decrease it because it causes the pH to drop and temperature to rise in skeletal muscle
137
What does oxygen affinity mean?
The ability for haemoglobin to hold onto oxygen
138
What are the 3 ways that carbon dioxide can be transported in the body?
Dissolved in plasma
Bound to haemoglobin
Converted to bicarbonate
139
How is bicarbonate formed in the blood>
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form carbonic acid which disassociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ion
140
How do we keep O2 and Co2 within normal limits?
Ventilation
141
Describe the feedback response of oxygen and carbon dioxide control
Sensors detect and send an afferent signal to the pons and medulla which send efferent signals to the effectors
142
What are the 4 sensors of blood oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Chemoreceptors
baroreceptors
Lung stretch receptors
Protective reflexes
143
What is more important, CO2 or O2 receptors
CO2
144
Can chemoreceptors override autonomous control of breathing?
Yes
145
When the arterial blood pressure is detected to be low, what is the response?
Respiratory volume increases uptake of air
146
What kind of signal triggers a sneeze or cough?
Efferent
147
What is the relationship between lungs and stretch receptors?
When the lungs expand, they send afferent signals from the stretch receptors to prevent them from stretching too far
148
What is the purpose of protective reflex receptors?
Detect irritation and sneeze
