Gastrointestinal System (20-27) Flashcards
What are the 4 roles of the GI system?
Motility
Secretion
Digestion
Absorption
What are the two types of epithelia in the GI system and where are they located?
Stratified squamous (mouth, esophagus, anus)
Simple columnar (stomach, small intestine, large intestine)
What is the structure of a goblet cell
Basal nuclei, columnar
What are the two types of multicellular glands
Simple (one duct)
Compound (2 or more ducts)
Why are multicellular glands important?
Because thye increase the surface area which allows for more secretions
What are the 4 layers of the gut tube?
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Adventitia
What does the mucosa consist of? 5
Epithelium
basement membrane
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa
Glands (sometimes)
What is the myenteric plexus?
Located between the muscle layers which regulates motility
What are the two layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis?
Circular (inner)
Longitudinal (outer)
What does the adventitia consist of?
FCT
What is the outermost layer of the gut tube?
Adventitia
What is the function of having 2 layers of smooth muscle with different orientations?
Move things in different ways which results in motility patterns
Why are there glands in the mucosa and submucosal layers in some regions
More surface area that we can’t fit on the luminal surfaces
What kind of digestion happens in the mouth?
Mechanical
Chemical (enzymes)
What are the fauces?
Open spaces in the mouth
What are the 3 salivary glands?
Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular
Where is the parotid salivary gland located and what does it secrete?
Furthest back in the oral cavity, secretes serous fluid with amylase
Where is the sublingual salivary gland located and what does it secrete?
Under the tongue, secretes mucus only (to lubricate the tongue)
Where is the submadibular salivary gland located and what does it secrete?
Under the mandible at the front of the tongue, it secretes a mixure
What is an acinus?
Cells in clusters
what can acinar cells secrete?
Serous fluid and amylase, mucus
What do duct cells secrete and what is the purpose of the secretion?
Bicarbonate - pH buffering
What is the structure and location of the esophagus?
Located posterior to the trachea, is 25cm long
What type of epithelium is in the esophagus?
Stratified squamous
What is the purpose of the muscularis externa in the esophagus and how is it laid out?
MOves food bolus, the first part is skeletal muscle, the bottom is smooth muscle and the middle is a mixture
What special feature does the mucosa and submucosa have in the esophagus?
Highly folded to allow expansion
What is the peritoneum?
Serous membrane that lines the abdomen
What are the two layers of peritoneum?
Parietal
Visceral
Where is the parietal layer of the peritoneum located?
Lines the body wall
where is the visceral layer of the peritoneum located?
Covers the organs
Where is the retroperioneal loayer located?
Posterior to the peritoneum
What types of membrane in the peritoneum?
Serous membrane
What is the mesentery?
Double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects the organ to the body wall
What is the omenta?
Double layer of visceral peritoneum that conects an organ to another organ
Where is the lesser omentum attached?
Holds the stomach to the liver
Where is the greater omentum attached?
Hangs like an apron over the intestine and contains immunes cells and fatty deposits. Attaches the stomach to the transverse colon
What structure prevents reflux of acid from the stomach?
Lower esophagal sphincter
What are the 4 main parts of the stomach?
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus
What is the cardia of the stomach?
Nearest the top where the stomach starts
What is the fundus of the stomach?
Widest area, gets filled wtih gases that are produced during digestion
What is the body of the stomach?
Biggest part and the most functional
what is the pylorus of the stomach?
Pylorus is the gatekeeper to the small intestine and it allows food through
What is the modification of the stomach muscle?
New layer called the oblique which is added on the inner to give motility
What kind of striations does the oblique musclular layer have?
Angular
what are rugae?
Temporary folds that allow for expansion in the stomach
What is a modification of the mucosa of the stomach?
Infolding which increases the surface area for gastric glands
What is a gastric pit?
Increased surface area
What are the 3 cells located in the gastric pits?
Parietal Cells
G cells
Cheif cells
What is the purpose of parietal cells?
Secrete acid and intrinsic factor
What is the purpose of G cells?
Secrete hormones - gastrin
What is the purpose of Cheif cells?
Secrete pepsinogen
What is the structure of a chief cell?
Columnar and have basal nuceli, abundance of zymogen granules and are abundant in the rER
How does the stomach control endocrine function?
Gastrin and Ghelin secreted into the bloodstream
What is the structure of a parietal cell?
Pump ions so have abundant mitochondria, they have a central nucleus and are folded to increase surface area
What is the name of the sphincter that sits between the stomach and the small intestine?
Pyloric Sphincter
Where is the mucus that neutralises stomach acid into the small intestine secreted from?
Glands of the submucosa in the duodenum
Where are the enzymes and bicarbonate that neutralise stomach acid secreted from?
Pancreas
Where is the pancreas located?
Head in duodenum, posterior to the stomach
What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?
Alpha cells secrete glucagon
Beta cells secrete insulin
What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?
Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes
Duct cells secrete bicarbonate
Describe the structure and function of pancreatic acinar cells
Apical zymogen granukes
Basal nuceli
Abundant rER
Secrete enzymes
Where does the bile duct meet the pancreatic duct?
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
What is the release of hormones into the small intestine from the pancreas controlled via?
Hepatopancreatic sphincter
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum
Jejjunum
Ileum
What is the longest part of the small intestine?
Duodenum
What is the purpose of the duodenum?
REcieve chyme from the stomach, enzymes and bicarbonate from the pancreas, and bile from the liver
What organ secretes biles?
Liver
What is the purpose of the jejunum and the ileum?
Digestion and absorption
What is the purpose of the mesentery?
Holds the small intestine in place to prevent movement
True or false, the mesnetery is avsaular
False, it contains, arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatics
What are the 4 ways that the small intestine achieves largebsurface area?
Length
Folding (plicae circulares)
Extenstions of mucosa (vili)
Extensions of epithelial cells (microvilli)
Whare are plicae circulares?
Folding of small intestine, mucosa
What are villi made of?
Muscularis mucosae
What do villi contain?
Lymph lacteal
Capillary network