Respiratory System Flashcards
What is the journey of air step by step?
air is inhaled and passes through the nasal cavity, the pharynx, larynx, trachea, through one of the primary bronchi, then secondary and tertiary, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs
what happens to air as it passes through the nasal cavity?
it is warmed, humidified and filtered
how is air warmed, humidified and filtered?
using visible and microscopic hairs (cilia) and mucus
how many lobes does each lung have?
the right has 3 and the left has 2
why does the left lung only have 2 lobes?
because it is smaller due to the indentation for the heart to sit
what is changing as oxygen travels through each set of bronchi and bronchioles?
the diameter progressively gets smaller
what are alveoli?
a singular circle in the alveolar sac surrounded by capillaries within the lungs
what muscles help compress and relax the thoracic cavity?
the diaphragm, the intercostal and abdominal muscles
what is in mucous?
lysozymes that kill bacteria and clump them together into boogers
what sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity?
maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal
what is bulk flow?
when you breathe in, bringing in MANY MANY oxygens at once rather that trying to bring each in individually
what is the conducting zone?
respiratory organs in your face
nose, sinuses, mouth, etc
what is the respiratory zone?
the trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, etc.
what is hypocapnia?
the drop in blood when hyperventilating
how does partial pressure come into play?
by understanding partial pressure, we can understand how hemoglobin has different affinities for oxygen in different areas and how or when it knows to let go
what does partial pressure allow us to understand?
it allows the brain to differentiate when there is oxygen in our lungs and when there isn’t (since O2 moves down a pressure and concentration gradient, if the pressure of O2 is lower and more similar to that of deoxygenated blood, it’s harder to breathe)
what is cooperativity?
the affinity for oxygen of a hemoglobin and how it changes after oxygens begin to bind
oxygenated hemogloben is called
oxyhemoglobin HbO2
What is the initial pressure of hemoglobin when it leaves the lungs?
100 mmHg
the brain, heart and muscles burn through a lot of oxygen, how much is left after those processes?
40 mmHg
Additionally to partial pressure, what else causes hemoglobin to give up its oxygen?
the heat and CO2 produces by aerobic respiration and other metabolic processes within tissues
how does heat impact the hemoglobins affinity for oxygen?
since hemoglobin is made up of proteins, it gets easily denatured. when considering muscular function, hemoglobin releases oxygen to the muscles and its shape is further changed due to the heat released by its metabolism as a byproduct
why does CO2 impact the hemoglobins affinity for oxygen
since hemoglobin can be changed by the binding of other molecules, CO2 will bind to hemoglobin and cause it to release more oxygen, lowering its overall affinity
what other measures are taken by the respiratory system to ensure that hemoglobin releases all of its oxygens?
CO2 makes blood more acidic, because once it interacts with water, it leaves a bicarbonate an a hydrogen ion, which then binds to the hemoglobin, lowering the affinity for O2 and changes its shape ] known as the Bohr effect
When you’re hyperventilating, what is happening internally?
When in a situation that produces a lot of anxiety or stress, you start to present fight or flight symptoms thanks to the sympathetic NS,
you start intaking more O2 than you need and you don’t produce the CO2 that should be expelled with that quantity
this results in you expelling more CO2 from your blood than ideal, dropping blood pH, and constricting all blood vessels, including those to the brain, thereby making you light-headed and more likely to faint
Why does breathing into a paper bag work with hyperventilating?
it allows you to reintake the carbon dioxide you breathed out and regain homeostasis. this is due to the partial pressure of the CO2 in the bag being higher than in your body
what is the carina?
the point where the 2 primary bronchi diverge
the autonomically innervated smooth muscle within the bronchi are found in the tunica ____
media
the right maintstem bronchus is lined with what types of cells?
ciliated columnar cells and goblet cells which secrete mucous
the mucus traps particles which then is moved with the assistance of the ___ towards the ___
ciliated columnar cells by beating and move the particles towards the pharynx
conducting bronchioles contain cileated columnar cells, goblet cells and ____ cells
club
what is the function of club cells?
secrete glycosaminoglycans to protect epithelia can help regenerate ciliated columnar cells by replacing and becoming them if need be
what does the alveolar wall consist of?
no cilia or smooth muscle, just a thin later of epithelial cells called alveolar cells
what is the difference between type 1 and type 11 alveolar cells?
type ii alveolar cells secrete surfactant, type ii alveolar cells can also turn into type i, but type i can’t transform into type ii
what is the function of surfactant?
decreases surface tension in alveoli and keeps them open as a result
what happens if a tiny particles makes it deep into the lungs and possibly into the alveoli?
alveolar macrophages are able to physically transport the particle to the pharynx to be released
what connects the alveoli to the capillary wall?
a basement membrane surrounds the alveolar walls and attaches to the capillary wall
