Respiratory System

Question 1

What is the journey of air step by step?

Answer 1

air is inhaled and passes through the nasal cavity, the pharynx, larynx, trachea, through one of the primary bronchi, then secondary and tertiary, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs

Question 2

what happens to air as it passes through the nasal cavity?

Answer 2

it is warmed, humidified and filtered

Question 3

how is air warmed, humidified and filtered?

Answer 3

using visible and microscopic hairs (cilia) and mucus

Question 4

how many lobes does each lung have?

Answer 4

the right has 3 and the left has 2

Question 5

why does the left lung only have 2 lobes?

Answer 5

because it is smaller due to the indentation for the heart to sit

Question 6

what is changing as oxygen travels through each set of bronchi and bronchioles?

Answer 6

the diameter progressively gets smaller

Question 7

what are alveoli?

Answer 7

a singular circle in the alveolar sac surrounded by capillaries within the lungs

Question 8

what muscles help compress and relax the thoracic cavity?

Answer 8

the diaphragm, the intercostal and abdominal muscles

Question 9

what is in mucous?

Answer 9

lysozymes that kill bacteria and clump them together into boogers

Question 10

what sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity?

Answer 10

maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal

Question 11

what is bulk flow?

Answer 11

when you breathe in, bringing in MANY MANY oxygens at once rather that trying to bring each in individually

Question 12

what is the conducting zone?

Answer 12

respiratory organs in your face

nose, sinuses, mouth, etc

Question 13

what is the respiratory zone?

Answer 13

the trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, etc.

Question 14

what is hypocapnia?

Answer 14

the drop in blood when hyperventilating

Question 15

how does partial pressure come into play?

Answer 15

by understanding partial pressure, we can understand how hemoglobin has different affinities for oxygen in different areas and how or when it knows to let go

Question 16

what does partial pressure allow us to understand?

Answer 16

it allows the brain to differentiate when there is oxygen in our lungs and when there isn’t (since O2 moves down a pressure and concentration gradient, if the pressure of O2 is lower and more similar to that of deoxygenated blood, it’s harder to breathe)

Question 17

what is cooperativity?

Answer 17

the affinity for oxygen of a hemoglobin and how it changes after oxygens begin to bind

Question 18

oxygenated hemogloben is called

Answer 18

oxyhemoglobin HbO2

Question 19

What is the initial pressure of hemoglobin when it leaves the lungs?

Answer 19

100 mmHg

Question 20

the brain, heart and muscles burn through a lot of oxygen, how much is left after those processes?

Answer 20

40 mmHg

Question 21

Additionally to partial pressure, what else causes hemoglobin to give up its oxygen?

Answer 21

the heat and CO2 produces by aerobic respiration and other metabolic processes within tissues

Question 22

how does heat impact the hemoglobins affinity for oxygen?

Answer 22

since hemoglobin is made up of proteins, it gets easily denatured. when considering muscular function, hemoglobin releases oxygen to the muscles and its shape is further changed due to the heat released by its metabolism as a byproduct

Question 23

why does CO2 impact the hemoglobins affinity for oxygen

Answer 23

since hemoglobin can be changed by the binding of other molecules, CO2 will bind to hemoglobin and cause it to release more oxygen, lowering its overall affinity

Question 24

what other measures are taken by the respiratory system to ensure that hemoglobin releases all of its oxygens?

Answer 24

CO2 makes blood more acidic, because once it interacts with water, it leaves a bicarbonate an a hydrogen ion, which then binds to the hemoglobin, lowering the affinity for O2 and changes its shape ] known as the Bohr effect

Question 25

When you're hyperventilating, what is happening internally?

Answer 25

When in a situation that produces a lot of anxiety or stress, you start to present fight or flight symptoms thanks to the sympathetic NS, you start intaking more O2 than you need and you don't produce the CO2 that should be expelled with that quantity this results in you expelling more CO2 from your blood than ideal, dropping blood pH, and constricting all blood vessels, including those to the brain, thereby making you light-headed and more likely to faint

Question 26

Why does breathing into a paper bag work with hyperventilating?

Answer 26

it allows you to reintake the carbon dioxide you breathed out and regain homeostasis. this is due to the partial pressure of the CO2 in the bag being higher than in your body

Question 27

what is the carina?

Answer 27

the point where the 2 primary bronchi diverge

Question 28

the autonomically innervated smooth muscle within the bronchi are found in the tunica ____

Answer 28

media

Question 29

the right maintstem bronchus is lined with what types of cells?

Answer 29

ciliated columnar cells and goblet cells which secrete mucous

Question 30

the mucus traps particles which then is moved with the assistance of the ___ towards the ___

Answer 30

ciliated columnar cells by beating and move the particles towards the pharynx

Question 31

conducting bronchioles contain cileated columnar cells, goblet cells and ____ cells

Answer 31

club

Question 32

what is the function of club cells?

Answer 32

secrete glycosaminoglycans to protect epithelia can help regenerate ciliated columnar cells by replacing and becoming them if need be

Question 33

what does the alveolar wall consist of?

Answer 33

no cilia or smooth muscle, just a thin later of epithelial cells called alveolar cells

Question 34

what is the difference between type 1 and type 11 alveolar cells?

Answer 34

type ii alveolar cells secrete surfactant, type ii alveolar cells can also turn into type i, but type i can't transform into type ii

Question 35

what is the function of surfactant?

Answer 35

decreases surface tension in alveoli and keeps them open as a result

Question 36

what happens if a tiny particles makes it deep into the lungs and possibly into the alveoli?

Answer 36

alveolar macrophages are able to physically transport the particle to the pharynx to be released

Question 37

what connects the alveoli to the capillary wall?

Answer 37

a basement membrane surrounds the alveolar walls and attaches to the capillary wall