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HUBS > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the respiratory system?

A

Connected organs and structures that function to conduct warm, clean, moist air into close proximity with blood of the circulatory system for gas exchange.

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2
Q

Main components of respiratory tract.

A

Nasal cavity - Olfaction.
Conducting zone - Nose to bronchioles.
Oral cavity - Passage for air and food.
Respiratory zone - Bronchioles to alveoli, sites of gas exchange.

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3
Q

Epithelia in the respiratory system.

A

Epithelium attached via basement membrane to lamina propria. Epithelium changes along the tract to reflect function.

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4
Q

Conducting region epithelium?

A

Respiratory epithelium.

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5
Q

Epithelia where air and food travel?

A

Stratified squamous.

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6
Q

Epithelia at site of gas exchange?

A

Simple squamous.

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7
Q

Epithelia in nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory mucosa.

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8
Q

What type of epithelia is respiratory epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

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9
Q

Structure of Respiratory epithelium?

A

Contains goblet cells that secrete mucus and ciliated cells for patterned movement of mucus towards pharynx.

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10
Q

Why does your nose run on a cold day?

A

Cilia are temperature sensitive, the colder it cold the less well they work. They stop beating and it will dribble out your nose rather than towards the pharynx.

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11
Q

Function of the URT

A

Conducting passage, not only for air. Prepares air for gas exchange by warming, cleaning and moistening.

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12
Q

Nose

A

Primary passage way for air. The front of the nose is cartilage while behind is bone. Vestibule (inside nostril) lined with skin and has sebaceous , sweat glands and hair follicles.

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13
Q

Conchae

A

Three projections that turbinate air.

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14
Q

Nasal mucosa.

A

Has a thin walled vascular plexus to help warm incoming air. This is where nose bleeds originate from.

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15
Q

What is a sinus?

A

Cavity within a bone.

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16
Q

What does paranasal mean?

A

Surrounding the nose.

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17
Q

Functions of the paranasal sinus.

A

Lighten skull, increase surface area, sound resonance.

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18
Q

Pharynx

A

Aka the throat. Is a tube shared by respiratory and digestive system. Has three regions the nasopharynx, oropharynx and the laryngopharynx.

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19
Q

What region of pharynx is an air passage only?

A

Nasopharynx.

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20
Q

Larynx

A

Aka the voice box. Air passage only. anterior tp esophagus. Located from the hyroid bone to the trachea.

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21
Q

Epiglottis

A

Closes over airway when swallowing.

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22
Q

Trachea

A

Between larynx and primary bronchi. functions to maintain patent airway with its c-shaped cartilage rings.

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23
Q

Trachealis

A

Bands of smooth muscle in trachea.

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24
Q

Mucociliary escalator

A

Moves debris to the pharynx to be swallowed and digested.

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25
Q

The lungs

A

2 lungs, 3 lobes on the right and 2 lobes on the left.

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26
Q

The hilum

A

Where the bronchi and blood vessels enter the lungs.

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27
Q

Regions of the lungs.

A

Apex (superior region).
Costal surface (against ribs).
Base (sits on diaphragm).

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28
Q

Bronchial tree.

A

Airways get smaller, the structure change to reflect how clean , moist and warm the air is.
Trachea –> primary bronchi –> secondary and tertiary bronchi –> bronchioles –> terminal bronchioles.

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29
Q

Respiratory zone.

A

Pulmonary lobules made of many alveoli which have very thin walls on simple squamous epithelium. The external surface of the alveoli is covered in fine network of pulmonary capillaries.

30
Q

Pneumocytes

A

Lung epithelial cells.

31
Q

Type 1 squamous

A

Forms the respiratory/blood air barrier with capillary wall and shared basement membrane.

32
Q

Type 2 cuboidal

A

Scattered amongst type 1, a complex lipoprotein that reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid.

33
Q

Role of roaming macrophage

A

Remove debri that makes it to alveoli .

34
Q

The layers of the respiratory membrane.

A

Alveolar cell layer, fused basement membrane and capillary endothelium.

35
Q

Pleural cavities

A

The lungs - seperate so if one stops working the other can still work.

36
Q

What drives ventilation?

A

Pressure changes - pressure is inversely proportional to volume.

37
Q

Boyles law

A

Air will move to a lower pressure space. To breath we need a pressure gradient, increase volume = air flow in etc.

38
Q

Anterior thoracic joints

A

Sternocostal, costochondral and interchondral.

39
Q

What anterior thoracic joint is cartilaginous?

A

Costochondral

40
Q

Posterior thoracic joints.

A

Costotransverse and costovertebral. Both synovial.

41
Q

Primary muscles of respiration.

A

Diaphragm and Intercostals

42
Q

The diaphragm

A

Sheet of skeletal muscle which separates the thorax and abdomen. It is dome shaped when relaxed and flattens when contracted to pull air in.

43
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

Attach diagonally between neighbouring ribs. External lift rib cage and expand cavity, internal depress ribcage and decrease cavity.

44
Q

Inspiration.

A

Diaphragm contracts and external intercostal contract to lift ribs. Forced inspiration requires accessory muscles to contract as-well.

45
Q

Expiration

A

Diaphragm relaxes and external intercostals relax. Forced expiration requires internal intercostals and accessory muscles to depress ribs.

46
Q

Pluera

A

Makes lungs stick to thoracic wall.

47
Q

Two opposing forces that must be overcome to take a breath.

A
  1. Stiffness of the lungs.
  2. Resistance of the airways to the lungs.
48
Q

Lung stiffness

A

Defined as the magnitude of the change in the lung volume produced by the given change in the pressure.

49
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis.

A

Thickening and scarring of the alveolar membranes, can arise from chronic inflammation or exposure to industrial chemicals.

50
Q

Surface tension

A

Tendency of a fluid surface to occupy the smallest possible surface area. The water in alveoli makes it hard to expand.

51
Q

Surfactant

A

Reduces surface tension in alveoli, produced by type II pneumocytes.

52
Q

Where is the main area of airway resistance?

A

Bronchi

53
Q

Spirometry

A

The pulmonary function test.

54
Q

Tidal volume.

A

Volume of air moved in and out during normal quiet breath.

55
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume.

A

Extra volume that can be inhaled over and above the tidal volume.

56
Q

Expiratory reserve volume.

A

Extra volume that can be exhaled voluntarily after completion of a normal, quiet respiratory cycle.

57
Q

Residual volume.

A

Volume remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation.

58
Q

Minimal volume.

A

Volume remaining in lungs if they collapsed.

59
Q

Vital capacity.

A

Total volume in lungs when maximally full.

60
Q

Functional residual capacity.

A

Volume remaining in lungs after max exhalation.

61
Q

Dead space

A

Some of the inhaled air never gets to the alveoli so cannot be used for gas exchange.

62
Q

Daltons law

A

In a gas mixture, each gas exerts its own individual pressure called partial pressure.

63
Q

Ficks law of diffusion.

A

Gases move across the membranes between the alveoli and the capillaries by diffusion.

64
Q

What determines the rate of diffusion?

A

Surface area of the membranes.
Thickness of the membrane.
Pressure difference between the two sides.

65
Q

What two forms is oxygen carried in the blood?

A

Dissolved O2 or bound to haemoglobin in RBC

66
Q

Why does oxygen dissolve poorly?

A

Due to its low solubility at physiological partial pressure.

67
Q

What can shift the Hb binding curve?

A

Bohr effect.

68
Q

What three forms is CO2 transported in?

A
  1. Dissolved in plamsa.
  2. As bicarbonate.
  3. Combined with proteins.
69
Q

Sensors involved with breathing.

A

Chemoreceptors, Lung stretch receptors, Baroreceptors and Protective reflexes.

70
Q

Central controller of breathing.

A

Medulla.

71
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Located in the medulla, sensitive to PCO2 but not to PO2 of blood. Sense chemical changes.

72
Q

What receptors are the most important in determining respiratory activity?

A

Carbon Dioxide receptors.

HUBS (6 decks)

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