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HUBS > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary structures of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart, Arteries, Veins/Lymphatics and Capillaries

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2
Q

What are the two systems?

A

Blood vascular and Lymphatic system.

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3
Q

Supply side

A

Arteries are the only supply path.
Major arteries are located deep in body to avoid damage.
Important structures receive supply from two sources.
Arteries change there name at each major branch.

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4
Q

Exchange network

A

Capillaries have varying degrees of permeability.
Three types of exchange/capillary:
- Continuous
- Fenestrated
- Sinusoidal

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5
Q

Drainage

A

Three pathways for drainage:
- deep veins.
- superficial veins.
- lymphatics.

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6
Q

Heart shape

A

Blunt cone shaped.
Pointed end - Apex
Blunt end - Base

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7
Q

PMI

A

Point of maximal impulse - can feel apex beat.

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8
Q

Name structures 1-5.

A
  1. Right atrium.
  2. Right Ventricle.
  3. Left atrium.
  4. Left ventricle.
  5. Interventricular septum.
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9
Q

Blood flow in

A

Superior and inferior vena cava bring in deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower libs to the right atrium.

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10
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Brings deoxygenated blood into the right atrium from the heart muscles itself.

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11
Q

Four Pulmonary veins

A

Bring oxygenated blood to the left atrium.

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12
Q

Layers of the heart wall.

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium and Pericardium (sac that sits around heart).

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13
Q

Myocardial thickness.

A

Left ventricle has a thicker myocardium because it requires more force to drive the blood out to the lims.

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14
Q

Epicardium

A

Contains visceral pericardium, blood vessels, loose FCT and adipose.

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15
Q

Pericardium

A

Contains fibrous pericardium (outer layer), parietal layer of serous pericardium, pericardial cavity and the visceral serous pericardium (attached to epicardium).

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16
Q

Atrioventricular valve

A

Prevents blood returning to atria during ventricular contraction.
Right side - Tricuspid valve.
Left side - Bicuspid (mitral) valve.

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17
Q

Diastole

A

AV valves are open and the heart is relaxed.

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18
Q

Systole

A

AV valves are closed and heart is contracting.

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19
Q

Semilunar valves.

A

Prevent blood returning to ventricles during filling (diastole).
Right - Pulmonary valves.
Left - Aortic valve.

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20
Q

Papillary Muscles and Chordae Tendinae

A

Prevent free edges from folding back when pressure arises. Papillary muscles contract and ensure valves dont shut too hard.

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21
Q

Capillary walls.

A

Very thin to allow for easy exchange and diameter is the same size as the RBC so they travel in single file for efficient exchange.

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22
Q

Function of cardiac muscle.

A

Beating of the heart, contraction without rest for entire life.

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23
Q

Cardiac muscle cell structure

A

Striated, short branched cells.
One or two nuclei per cell.
Central oval shaped nucleus.
Cytoplasmic organelles packed at the poles.
Cells connected via intercalated discs.

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24
Q

Conduction system of the heart.

A

Conduction greatly increase efficiency of heart pumping.
System is responsible for the co-ordination of heart contractions and atrioventricular valve action.
Autonomic nerves alter the rate of conduction impulse generation.

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25
Q

Conduction pathways are not nervous tissue instead…

A

They are modified cardiac muscle.

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26
Q

Contractile cardiac muscle

A

Contains bloated non-contractile cardiac muscle involved with electrical conduction.

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27
Q

Name the major arteries and veins from the heart to the foot and back to the heart.

A

Common illiac artery –> External illiac artery –> Femoral artery –> Popliteal artery –> Posterior tibial artery –> Plantar arch –> Plantar venous arch –> Posterior tibial vein –> Popliteal vein –> (great saphenous vein) –> Femoral vein –> External illiac vein –> Common illiac vein.

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28
Q

Layers of the blood vessel wall.

A

Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Adventitia (Externa)

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29
Q

Layers of the Tunica Intima

A

Endothelium
Sub-endothelium
Internal Elastic Lamina

30
Q

Tunica Media

A

Made up of smooth muscle and a variable content of connective tissue fibres, mainly elastin and collagen. Thickness of the media is proportional to both vessel diameter and blood pressure.

31
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

Loose FCT with a high content of collagen and variable amounts of elastin. Lymphatics and autonomic nerves also found in this region.

32
Q

Vasa vasorum

A

vessels of the vessels.

33
Q

Peak pressure =

A

Systolic pressure

34
Q

Low pressure =

A

Diastolic pressure.

35
Q

What is the last part of the artery path?

A

Arteriole, which sits in adipose tissue.

36
Q

Function of capillaries.

A

Site of exchange between blood and tissues.

37
Q

Venules

A

Smallest channel of the blood vascular channels.

38
Q

Monocuspid valve.

A

Ensures unidrectional flow in veins.

39
Q

Function of veins

A

Low pressure large volume transport system.
Unidirectional.
Capacitance vessels.

40
Q

What is often the thickest layer of the vein?

A

Advnetitia.

41
Q

What is the thickest layer of an artery?

A

Tunica media.

42
Q

Vascular bundle

A

Bundle of nerves.

43
Q

What supplies capillaries?

A

Arteriole.

44
Q

Precapillary sphincters.

A

Muscle wrapped around capillaries to constrict blood.

45
Q

Fully constricted precappilary sphincter..

A

Flow through the thoroughfare channel only.

46
Q

Continuous capillary

A
  • The most widespread.
  • Designed to bring RBC closer to capillary wall.
  • Found in skeletal and cardiac muscle.
47
Q

Fenestrated capillary.

A
  • Halo of connective tissue.
  • Physical openings from the lumen to underlying tissues by tunnels.
48
Q

Sinusoidal Capillary

A
  • Very leaky.
  • Lumen is much larger than diametre of RBC.
  • Exchange is not prioritised.
  • Direct exchange between the cytoplasm in the lumen and the underlying interstitial space.
  • Finger like projections in fenestrations, direct exposure of the intestines.
49
Q

Function of the Lymph vascular system.

A

Drains excess tissue fluid and plasma proteins from tissues and returns them to the blood.
Filters foreign material from the lymph.
Screens lymph for foreign antigens and gives immune response.
Absorbs fat from intestine and transports to blood.

50
Q

Lymphatic vessels.

A

Commence as large, blind ending capillaries.
They are larger thin walled collecting vessels that have numerous valves to prevent backflow.

51
Q

Lacteals

A

A special group of lymphatic vessels that drain fat laden lymph.

52
Q

Cisterna Chyli

A

Collecting vessels.

53
Q

Explain the pressure of a lymph channel.

A

Fluid is carried under very low pressure.

54
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Large lymph channel.

55
Q

Lymph node structure.

A

Contains afferent lymphatics that drain into the lymph node and an efferent channel that drain out.

56
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the Breast

A

Right lymphatic duct.
Axillary lymph nodes.
Lymphatic vessels of the breast.

57
Q

How does the lymphatic system relate to breast cancer?

A

Cells escape tumour and travel the body via lymphatic drainage and spread cancer from the primary site.

58
Q

Features of a blood pressure trace.

A
  • Systolic pressure is the highest point on the trace.
  • Diastolic pressure is the lowest point on the trace.
  • Pulse pressure is the difference between highest and lowest points
  • Means pressure is the average across the full cycle.
  • Hypertension is high blood pressure, hypotension is low blood pressure.
59
Q

What initiates cellular contraction?

A

By an increase in cytosolic calcium levels and formation of cross bridges.

60
Q

Electrical cells.

A
  • Make up 1% of cells in the heart.
  • Also called conduction cells.
  • Role is to move signals through the heart as quickly as possible.
61
Q

Contractile cells.

A
  • Make up 99% of cells.
  • Job is to contract.
  • Packed with proteins that allow contraction, actin and myosin.
62
Q

Gap junctions

A

Perfect for moving electrical signal.
Moves current from cell to cell.
Pores with low resistance to ionic current which allows adjacent flow of current from cell to cell.

63
Q

What is a functional syncytium?

A

When millions of cardiac cells behave as one.

64
Q

What creates the electrical signal?

A

SA node- perfectly capable of pumping the heart by itself and doesn’t need help from the brain.

65
Q

What are the three directions of electrical pathways?

A
  1. Right into the contractile cells of the right atrium.
  2. Across the interatrial bundle in the left atrium.
  3. Down to the AV node.
66
Q

AV node

A

Collect signal from SA node and put a pause on it, this is because we want the atrium to contract first and then the ventricle.

67
Q

Purkinje Fibres

A

Are specialised conducting fibres composed of electrically excitable cells that conduct electrical signals quickly.

68
Q

SA node is also known as?

A

The pacemaker

69
Q

Why does the conduction signal travel down to the bottom of the heart and then back up the ventricular walls?

A

To reach all the contractile cells of the heart.

70
Q

Excitation and the conduction pathway.

A
  1. Rest ends when excitation spreads from the SA node.
  2. The atria are fully depolarised and contract.
  3. The atria repolarised and relax, while the AV node sends excitation to ventricles.
  4. Ventricles fully depolarised and contract.
  5. Ventricles begin to repolarise and relax.
  6. Ventricles fully repolarised and relax and heart is back to rest.

HUBS (6 decks)

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