Respiratory system Flashcards
1
Q
air conduction system info
A
- nasal, paranasal, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
- lined by PSC epithelium, goblet cells, serous cells
2
Q
nasal cavity
A
- carry air, modify air, olfaction
- 50% of total respiratory resistance
3
Q
nasopharynx
A
nasal cavity to larynx –> glands and lymphoid tissue
4
Q
transitional system info
A
- transition between conduction system and gas exchange system
- bronchioles: progressive decrease in ciliated epithelium and mucus cells
- clara and neuroendocrine cells but no goblet cells
5
Q
gas/air exchange system
A
- alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
- lined by type I pneumocytes
6
Q
what portions are lined by ciliated respiratory epithelium
A
- conducting system (nasal –> bronchi)
- transitional system (part)
7
Q
where are mucous cells located
A
conducting system, limited number in bronchioles/transition
8
Q
differences between avian respiratory system and mammalian respiratory system
A
- choanal slit in upper palate communicates directly with nasal cavity
- soft walled infraorbital sinus communicates with nasal cavity (not encased in bone)
- dorsal and ventral bronchi –> parabronchi –> air capillaries
- avascular sacs that don’t exchange O2 –> 2 cycle air movement
9
Q
what is the most predominent antibody produced in the air conduction system and how does it function
A
IgA –> mucosal immunity, produced by M cells
10
Q
list defense mechanisms of the conducting system
A
- mucociliary deposition clearance
- antibodies
- lysozyme
- mucus
- clara cells
- antioxidants
11
Q
list defense mechanisms of air exchange system
A
- alveolar, intravascular, and interstitial macrophages
- surfactant
- antioxidants
- antibodies
12
Q
sources of injury to the respiratory system
A
- inhaled (bacteria, virus, fungi, toxins, foreign particles)
- hematogenous (bacteria, virus, fungi, toxins, etc)
- direct extension (penetrating injury)
13
Q
what is a clara cell and what role does it play
A
regenerative cells in the bronchioles that serve as stem cells if bronchioles are injured (replace cells) and secrete surfactant, metabolize substances
14
Q
what leukocyte is most important for protection of the alveolus and where is it located
A
- macrophages most important
- located in alveoli, interstitium and capillaries
15
Q
compare/contrast type I and type II pneumocytes
A
- type I: thin epithelium, gas exchange, susceptible to injury but can’t divide, metabolically inactive
- type II: cuboidal with microvilli, metabolically active, secrete surfactant, serve as stem cells to replace type I
16
Q
location and function of M cells
A
- modified nonciliated epithelial cells in bronchi
- overlie BALT
- phagocytose particles, deliver antigens to macrophages, stimulate immunity, produce IgA
17
Q
what is stenotic airway syndrome of dogs and what breeds are affected
A
- stenotic external nares, elongated soft palate, everted laryngeal saccules, laryngeal collapse, hypoplastic trachea
- brachycephalic breeds –> excessive tissue in soft palate, increased inspiratory effort
18
Q
list a respiratory virus of horses, cattle, cats, and chickens that can assume a latent stage in neural tissue - what is the similarity between the viruses
A
- herpesvirus –> latency, respiratory issues
- equine viral rhinipheumonitis, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, feline viral rhinotracheitis, infectious laryngotracheitis
19
Q
what is the most common primary neoplasm in the nasal cavity and lung of dogs
A
- adenocarcinoma in nasal cavity
- bronchioalveolar carcinomas in lungs
20
Q
how does bacterial infection complicate the diagnosis of a nasal neoplasm in dogs and cats
A
swelling, discharge –> can make it seem all due to bacterial infection
21
Q
list 3 respiratory diseases that can or might promote exercise intolerance in racehorses - which associated with stabling?
A
- EHV-1+4 (equine herpes virus)
- equine influenza A type 2
- equine obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD heaves) –> stabling issue
22
Q
what is most common nasal neoplasm in dogs, cats, horses
A
- dogs: adenocarcinoma (destroy bone, invade cribiform plate/brain)
- cats: lymphosarcoma
- horses: squamous cell carcinoma
23
Q
what is the gutteral pouch of horses and 2 agents that often infect it –> how do they cause epistaxis, dysphagia
A
- ventral diverticulum of eustahian tube
- fungus (asperillus) –> inhale spores, lodge in pouch –> inflammation –> erosion of carotid artery –> epistaxis
- streptococcus equi –> suppurative exudate –> swelling –> dysphagia
24
Q
what is equine laryngeal hemiplegia, the lay term, clinical signs, causes, lesions
A
- roaring
- incomplete dilation of larynx during inspiration of exercise
- atrophy of left dorsal and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles that adduct and abduct the arytenoid cartilate
- denervation of left recurrent laryngeal nerve –> muscle atrophy
- usually idiopathic, can be secondary to inflammation or tumors
25
list 3 lesions of the pharynx and larynx that can obstruct air movement
- developmental defect (hypoplastic epiglottis, pharyngeal/subepiglottic cysts)
- lymphoid hyperplasia
- pharyngeal/laryngeal edema
- laryngeal hemiplegia
- hemorrhage
26
tracheal collapse is most common in what breeds of dogs - how can radiographs taken at inspiration and expiration help locate collapse site
- toy and miniature breeds of dogs
- inspiratory dyspnea --> collapse cervical trachea
- expiratory dyspnea --> collapse thoracic trachea
27
list agents of kennel cough complex - which is most important?
- bordetella bronchiseptica (most important)
- canine adenovirus 2
- canine parainfluenza
28
what processes and agents cause necrosis of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium
- viral infections
- inhalation of toxic gasses
- toxins metabolized by cytochrome P450
- hypersensitivity reactions
- inflammatory reactions to inhaled irritants
29
how do bronchi and bronchioles respond to transient injury or persistent injury? what lesions can develop if repair isn't complete
- degeneration, necrosis, epithelium detachment --> inflammation, mitosis of basal and clara cells, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and repair
- chronic injury: increased production of mucus-secreting cells
- emphysema, atelectasis can happen
30
define: bronchiectasis - what is pathogenesis, what lung diseases are associated
- permanent dilation of bronchi caused by destruction of muscle and elastic tissue from chronic bronchial obstruction and infection
- bronchopneumonia, lung parasites, heaves, ciliary diskinesia
31
pathogenesis of bovine atypical interstitial pneumona, fog fever
- ingested toxins, lush pasture
- L-tryptophan (metabolized to 3-methylindole): cytochrome P450 enzymes in clara cells --> reactive intermediate --> necrosis of non-ciliated bronchilar epithelium (clara cells), alveolar type I pneumocytes, and endothelial cells --> lesions
32
what are 2 extracellular bacterial agents (2 genus) that impair activity of cilia
- mycoplasma
| - bordetella
33
describe a respiratory disease of cats that represents a type I, IgE mediated hypersensitivity reaction - also one in horses --> causes, why they respond to corticosteroids
- feline asthma
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (heaves)
- exposure to allergens
- corticosteroids reduce immune over-reaction to things
34
major causes of pulmonary atelectasis (lung collapse)
- congenital (fatal)
- acquired (alveolar collapse --> compression, obstruction)
- massive (pneumothorax)
35
major causes of pulmonary edema
- increased venous hydrostatic pressure
- increased permeability of alveolar barrier
- impaired active transport of fluid from distal airways
- reduced oncotic pressure
- lymphatic obstruction
36
physiological significance of pulmonary edema
- decreased lung elasticity
- impaired ventilation (dyspnea)
- fluid in alveoli obstructs gas exchange
- proteins in edema fluid can interfere with surfactant production
37
why is infarction of the lung relatively uncommon
there are multiple blood supplies to the lung --> accommodation (hard to cut off all of them)
38
what is the cause of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses and can epistaxis occur
- happens in race horses after strenuous exercise (elevation of pulmonary arterial/capillary pressures)
- usually subclinical
- epistaxis is rare but can occur
39
compare bronchopneumonia, fibrinous bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, atelectasis, edema, embolic pneumonia, granulomatous pneumonia --> cut surfaces?
- bronchopneumonia: cranioventral lesions, consolidation, edema, prurulent exudates
- fibrinous bronchopneumonia: cranioventral lesions covered by fibrin
- interstitial pneumonia: mild increase in firmess, pink/gray, rib impressions, minimal exudates, diffuse or locally extensive
- atelectasis: collapse of the lung, affected areas depressed/red, not firm --> whole lung, lobes, or lobules.
- edema: fluid distension --> heavy, firmer, clear/blood-tinged fluid
- embolic pneumonia: multifocal septic foci throughout lobes --> pulmonary abscesses (white viscous fluid)
- granulomatous pneumonia: multifocal lung granulomas (may be caseous)
40
define: interstitial pneumonia
damage to or inflammation of the alveolar septa and interlobular septa (interstitium) of the lungs ---> often complicated at larger stage by bacterial infection
41
examples of agents that cause interstitial pneumonia
- infectious agents (viral)
- bacteria (salmonella, sepsis), fungi, protozoa
- toxins
- hypersensitivity
42
examples of agents that cause embolic pneumonia
- endocarditis
- injection site abscess
- hepatic abscess with phlebitis of hepatic vein
- infected jugular catheters
43
examples of agents that cause granulomatous pneumonia
- fungus (blastomyces dermatitidis)
- bacteia (mycobacterium sp)
- parasites (ascarids)
- foreign bodies
44
4 categories used to describe morphology of lung lesion
- duration
- distribution
- degree of severity
- exudate
45
why does bronchopneumonia of cattle and swine resolve more slowly than that of other domestic animals
no collateral ventilation of alveoli --> reduced clearance of exudates --> chronic-suppurative bronchopneumonia more common
46
calf has bronchopneumonia - 3 possible resolutions or outcomes
- death from toxemia
- damaged alveolar septa and blood vessels (fibrosis, bronchiectasis, abscess, sequestrum)
- return to normal in 3-4 weeks if minimal damage to alveolar septa and blood vessels
47
what is the pathophysiological significance of bronchopneumonia
- loss of functional parenchyma for ventilation
- decreased elasticity/compliance of lung
- can progress to death, pulmonary fibrosis, septicemia, bronchiectasis
- chronic results in weight loss, progressive loss of lung function
48
what is a lung sequestrum and how long do these lesions persist
mass of necrotic lung tissue that is separated from the normal lung by suppurative exudate and fibrous connective tissue --> permanent and nonfunctional
49
list common causes of aspiration pneumonia
- milk by pail-fed calves/puppies with cleft palate, megaesophagus, persistent right aortic arch
- ruminal contents by downer cow
- mineral oil force fed to cat for hairballs
- vomit by animal recovering from anesthesia
- accidental tracheal tubing in cow/horse receiving mineral oil
- feed materials by tube-fed parrot
- crop fluid by macaw with proventricular dilation syndrome
50
in what species is chylothoriax most often diagnosed - what is cytologic appearance and causes
- cats (idiopathic)
- accumulation of lymph fluid in thoracic cavity
- many small lymphocytes in pinkish white effusion
- associated with cardiomyopathy, right sided heart failure, obstruction
51
how can feline infectious peritonitis affect lung and pleura - cytologic appearance
- yellow-tan pyogranulomatous foci on pleura
| - turbid white to red exudate in the thorax (pyothorax) with many macrophages and neutrophils in the fluid
52
what is the most common primary neoplasm arising from parietal or visceral pleura
mesothelioma
53
young cat has head tilt, nasal discharge, pedunculated mass from eustachian tube on oral exam - diagnosis and prognosis
- nasopharyngeal polyp
| - good prognosis with surgery
54
what agents are associated with feline infectious respiratory disease complex - route of transmission
- feline herpesvirus-1, feline calicivirus, bordetella bronchiseptica, chlamydophilia felis
- direct transmission (secretions)
55
what agent associated with lingual and oral ulcers in cats
feline calicivirus
56
what agent associated with conjunctivitis as primary clinical sign in cats
chlamydophilia felis
57
cytologic evaluation of bronchiolar lavage fluid from dog reveals lots of eosinophils --> what general disease processes should you consider?
type I, IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction
58
what are the gross lesions and histopathologic or cytologic findings of cryptococcus in cats and blastomycosis in dogs - how contracted?
- yeast
- cryptococcus: granulomatous rhinitis involving bridge of nose, ulceration of nasal planum, mandibular lymphadenopathy --> inhalation
- blasto: numerous miliary white/gray nodules throughout lungs, intrathoracic lymphadenopathy --> inhaled spores
59
pathogenesis stages of canine distemper virus in dogs - influences of outcome
aerosol --> replication in respiratory epithelium and macrophages --> thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes --> multiplies in lymphoid system --> viremia --> can either have poor antibody response (widespread invasion) or good antibody response (inapparent illness)
60
dilation of alveoli or interlobular septa by air is defined as:
emphysema
61
what won't induce aspiration pneumonia when introduced into lungs:
- mineral oil for hairballs
- PBS as tracheal lavage
- milk inhaled by cat with cleft palate
- vomit inhaled by dog waking up from anes
- feed formula administered into trachea
PBS as tracheal lavage
62
which site contains no ciliated epithelium:
- alveolus
- bronchus
- nasal cavity
- paranasal sinus
- bronchiole
alveolus
