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physiology > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

14: what are the conducting systems compromised of

A

upper respiratory tract and Lower

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2
Q

14: what does the upper respiratory tract include

A

nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx

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3
Q

14: what does the lower respiratory tract include

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles

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4
Q

14: what is the respiratory zone compromised of

A

alveoli and capillary supply

gas exchange surface

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5
Q

14: upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity)

A
  • entry into respiratory system

- inhaled air humidified and debris filtered

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6
Q

14: upper respiratory tract (pharynx)

A
  • inspired air humidify and filtered

- protects against air and food

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7
Q

14: upper respiratory tract (larynx)

A
  • food and liquid cannot enter respiratory tract

- sound production

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8
Q

14: what happens as the the conducting airways divide

A

the cross sectional area increases exponentially

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9
Q

14: + of conducting airways dividing and increasing cross sectional area

A

larger surface area for gas exchange at alveoli

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10
Q

14: organs lined by ciliated respiratory epithelial cell Layer

A

larynx
trachea
primary bronchi

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11
Q

14: epithelial cells of conducting system - goblet cells

A

form continuous mucus layer over surface of respiratory tract

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12
Q

14: epithelial cells of conducting system - ciliated cells

A

produce saline, sweep mucus upwards to pharynx

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13
Q

14: epithelial cells of conducting system - mucociliary escalator

A

removes noxious particles from lungs

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14
Q

14: what is saline secretion essential for

A

functional mucociliary escalator

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15
Q

14: CFTR

A

cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator channel

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16
Q

14: NKCC

A

na+ , -K+-2,CL- symporter

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17
Q

14: cystic fibrosis

A
  • defect in CFTR channel = decreased mucus
  • sticky mucus layer cannot be cleared
  • bacteria colonise = lung infections
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18
Q

14: how does the function of the lower conducting system relate to its function (larynx, trachea, primary bronchi)

A
  • c shaped cartilage rings which keep trachea open and allow diameter change during pulmonary ventilation
  • posterior surface of trachea covered in connective tissue and smooth muscle = oesophagus can expand during swallowing
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19
Q

14: how does the function of the lower conducting system relate to its function (bronchiole)

A

non-ciliated epithelium
smooth muscle layer
no cartilage

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20
Q

14: respiratory zone structure - what do alveolar ducts end in

A

alveolar sacs surrounded by elastic fibres and a network of capillaries

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21
Q

14: respiratory zone structure - vasculature

A
  • extensive capillary network providing large sa for GE
  • pulmonary artery supplies deoxygenated blood
  • pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood
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22
Q

14: alveolar structure

A

type 1 alveolar cell - 90%, thin
type 2 alveolar cell - smaller, thicker, surfactant production
macrophages - protect alveolar surfaces

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23
Q

14: diaphragm - inhalation vs expiration

A

active contraction of diaphragm vs passive

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24
Q

14: what muscles raise the rib cage upwards and outwards

A

external intercostal muscles

scalenes

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25
Q

14: expiration during quiet breathing ?

A

passive

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26
Q

14: thoracic volume during inspiration vs expiration

A

increase during inspiration and decreased during expiration

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27
Q

14: Boyles law

A
  • relationship between pressure + volume

- volume container increases = pressure gas exerts on the container decreases

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28
Q

14: pulmonary ventilation - gradient

A

causes air to move into/out of lungs

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29
Q

14: pressure gradients influencing ventilation - atmospheric pressure

A
  • pull of gravity creates atmospheric pressure

- increases below sea level

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30
Q

14: pressure gradients influencing ventilation - intra pulmonary pressure

A
  • air pressure within alveoli
  • rise and fall with inspiration + expiration
  • eventually equalises m
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31
Q

14: pleural sac

A
  • each lung found in pleural sac which is formed by 2 membranes of elastic connective tissue and capillaries
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32
Q

14: parietal pleura

A

outer layer serous membrane

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33
Q

14: pleural fluid

A

thin fluid in cavity which act as lubricant to allow lung to move within thorax

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34
Q

14: elasticity

A

ability of tissue to return to og state when stretched

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35
Q

14: elastic recoil (lungs and chest wall)

A

lungs collapse and chest wall expands

36
Q

14: what keeps lung and chest wall together

A

pleural fluid

37
Q

14: why is elastic recoil important

A

expiration

elastic fibres support alveoli

38
Q

15: alveolar surface tension

A

alveoli covered with thin liquid film (water) creating gas water boundary

39
Q

15: lung compliance

A

ability of lungs and chest wall to stretch

40
Q

15: what is the diameter of bronchioles controlled by

A

smooth muscle contraction + relaxation

41
Q

15: central control of bronchial tone vs non neural control

A

central - bronchoconstriction increases resistance

non-neural control - bronchodilation decreases resistance

42
Q

15: what drugs are used to treat asthma

A

b2 adrenergic drugs

43
Q

15: surface tension at gas is the greatest

A

when alveoli are at their smallest diameter (during expiration)

44
Q

15: increased alveolar surface tension leads to

A

reduced ability of alveolus to inflate so it collapses during expiration

45
Q

15: what reduces surface tension

A

surfactant

e.g lungs, smaller alveoli have more surfactant

46
Q

15: surfactant - function

A

disrupts H bonding of water

allows alveolus to remain partially open during expiration

47
Q

15: surfactant - where is It more concentrated

A

smaller alveoli to increase stability

48
Q

15: what is lung compliance affected by

A

alveolar surface tension (surfactant increases compliance)

ability of chest wall to stretch during inspiration

49
Q

15: FVC and FEV1 in restrictive lung disease vs obstructive lung disease

A

restrictive - FVC reduced , FEV1 is close to normal (pulmonary fibrosis)
obstructive - FVC close to normal, FEV1 reduced (asthma)

50
Q

15: anatomic dead space vs physiologic

A

ads- volume of conducting airway

p- anatomic dead space + alveolar dead space

51
Q

15: why is total pulmonary ventilation greater than alveolar ventilation

A

dead space

52
Q

15: total pulmonary ventilation =

A

ventilation rate x tidal volume

53
Q

16: daltons law

A

total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases in equal to sum of the pressures exerted by the individual gases

54
Q

16: solubility of gas in liquid

A

co2and o2 = soluble

co2 = higher solubility

55
Q

16: characteristics of pulmonary ventilation

A

low pressure system

high flow through lungs

56
Q

16: alveolar structure - why are laminae of type 1 alveolar cells and endothelial cells fused

A

reduce diffusion distance for gas exchange

57
Q

16: alveolar structure - macrophages

A

protect alveolar structures from non filtered small particles

58
Q

16: hyperventilation vs hypoventilation

A

increased PaO2 and decreased PaCO2

decreased Pa02 and increased PaCO2 + hypoxemia (below-normal level of oxygen in your blood)

59
Q

16: hyperbaric

A

higher than normal pressure

60
Q

16: hyperbaric o2 therapy

A

exposure to higher than normal PO2 = increased PaO2

61
Q

16: what is hyperbaric o2 therapy used for

A

treat conditions benefiting from increased o2 delivery e.g severe blood loss, chronic wounds

62
Q

16: pathological changes that affect gas exchange

A

surface area - decrease in alveolar SA
diffusion barrier permeability - increase thickness of alveolar membrane
diffusion distance - increases between alveoli and blood

63
Q

16: alveolar ventilation (Va)

A

variation of inspired air

64
Q

16: lung perfusion (Q)

A

regional variation in blood flow determined by gravity

65
Q

16: V/Q mismatch

A

V does not match Q

blood is shunted from right to left side of heart without oxygenation

66
Q

16: hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

A

redirects blood flow to ventilated alveoli
improve gas exchange
contrast with systemic circulation

67
Q

17: Bohr effect

A

describes the reduction in o2 affinity of haemoglobin when pH is low and the increase in affinity when pH is high

68
Q

17: anaemia - o2

A
  • blood reduced

- o2 dissociates from haemoglobin due to increased 2-3 DPG concentration

69
Q

17: carbaminohaemoglobin

A

co2 + hb = carbaminohaemoglobin

70
Q

18: reflex control of ventilation - what do central/periphral chemoreceptors monitor

A

blood gases and pH

71
Q

18: pons

A

site of pontine respiratory group

72
Q

18: medulla - 2 groups of neurones

A

dorsal respiratory group

ventral respiratory group

73
Q

18: pons - apneustic centre

A

located in pons

promotes inspiration

74
Q

18: pons - pneumotaxic centre

A

located in upper part of pons

inhibits inspiration = smooth breathing

75
Q

18: where is the respiratory centre located

A

medulla and pins

made up of DRG, VRG and PRG

76
Q

18: respiratory centre - PRG

A

coordinates respiratory rhythm

77
Q

18: respiratory centre - neural activity in DRG

A

drives inhalation via activation of diagram and external intercostal

78
Q

18: 2 locations of peripheral chemoreceptors

A

aortic bodies on aortic arch

carrotid bodies in internal/external carotid artery

79
Q

18: what do peripheral chemoreceptors sense

A

decrease in arterial PO2 below 60mmHg

80
Q

18: ventilatory response to low PO2

A

hyperventilation which decreases PCO2 and elevates PO2

81
Q

18: metabolic acidosis results from an

A

increase in non CO2 derived acid

82
Q

18: what do central chemoreceptors monitor

A

CO2 in cerebrospinal fluid

83
Q

18: carotid and aortic chemoreceptors monitor

A

CO2, O2 and H+

84
Q

18: hering breuer reflex

A

prevents over inflation of lung

activation - inspiration stop/expiration start

85
Q

18: proprioception

A

Body’s ability to sense movement, action and location

86
Q

18: proprioception - mediated by

A

proprioceptors located in muscles and joints

stimulate DRG VRG

physiology (7 decks)

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