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physiology > renal system > Flashcards

renal system Flashcards

1
Q

11: what nephrons are involved in making concentrated urine

A

juxtakedullary nephrons

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2
Q

11: renal blood supply distribution in cortex vs medula vs papilla

A

cortex - 93%
medula - 7%
papilla - 1%

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3
Q

11: functions of kidney

A
  • homeostatic regulation of water and ion content of blood
  • excretion fo metabolic waste products
  • production of hormones
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4
Q

11: glomerular filtration - what is filtered

A

all plasma constituents except proteins

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5
Q

11: glomerular filtration - what do filtration barriers restrict

A

solute movement on basis of size and charge

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6
Q

11: what % of cardiac output do kidneys receive

A

25%

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7
Q

11: what does hydrostatic pressure of blood flowing through glomerular capillaries promote

A

promotes movement of fluid into capsule

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8
Q

11: what does hydrostatic pressure of fluid in bowmans space oppose

A

opposes movement of fluid into capsule

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9
Q

11: what drives filtration

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure

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10
Q

11: increase in resistance of afferent arteriole

A

reduces blood flow to glomerulus

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11
Q

11: increase in resistance of efferent arteriole

A

increases blood flow/pressure to glomerulus

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12
Q

11: decrease in resistance of afferent arteriole

A

increase blood flow to glomerulus

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13
Q

11: decrease in resistance in efferent arteriole

A

decreases pressure in glomerulus

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14
Q

11: auto regulation

A

maintains renal blood flow and GFR

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15
Q

11: local control mechanisms of auto regulation

A
  1. myogenic response

2. tubuloglomerular feedback

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16
Q

11: what does the nephron do so that the ascending limb of loop of hence passes between afferent and efferent arterioles

A

it loops back on itself

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17
Q

11: where does filtration of blood occur

A

glomerulus

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18
Q

11: why is regulation of renal blood flow important

A

in regulating glomerular filtration rate

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19
Q

11: filtrate

A

solution entering proximal convoluted tubule

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20
Q

11: what does filtrate contain

A 
h20 
na+ 
k+ 
ca2+ 
cl- 
HCO3- 
glucose
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21
Q

12: formation of urine steps

A

filtration
reabsorption
secretion

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22
Q

12: formation of urine - amount excreted =

A

amount excreted = amount filtered - amount reabsorbed + amount secreted

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23
Q

12: reabsorption

A

movement of of solutes/fluid out of filtrate and into capillaries via epithelial transport mechanisms

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24
Q

12: epithelial transport mechanisms - epithelial transcellular transport

A

substances cross apical and basolateral membranes of the tubule epithelial cells

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25
Q

12: epithelial transport mechanisms - paracellular transport pathway

A

substances pass through the cell- cell junction between two adjacent cells

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26
Q

12: epithelial transport mechanisms - passive transport via

A

diffusion
leak channels
paracellular transport

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27
Q

12: epithelial transport mechanisms - active transport

A

membrane channels
transporters
co-transporters
pumps carriers

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28
Q

12: how is structure of PCT specialised for its functions

A
  • microvilli on apical surface for reabsorption
  • ## ER,golgi,lysosomes, vacuoles = synthesis of membrane proteins
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29
Q

12: reabsorption at PCT - na+ reabsorption

A
  • passively at apical membrane down electrochemical gradient
  • co transport with essential solutes
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30
Q

12: reabsorption at PCT - H20 reabsorption

A

paracellular route via osmosis

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31
Q

12: reabsorption at PCT - glucose

A

co transport at apical membrane

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32
Q

12: reabsorption of glucose (Tm)

A

transport maximum rate

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33
Q

12: reabsorption of glucose (renal threshold)

A

plasma concentration of substrate at transport maximum

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34
Q

12: reabsorption of glucose (diabetes mellitus)

A

excessive glucose concentration saturates carriers and excess glucose appears in urine

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35
Q

12: formation of urine - what is the descending limb permeable/imperemebale to

A

water

solutes

36
Q

12: formation of urine - where is NaCl transported from

A

ascending limb into interstitium

37
Q

12: formation of urine - what is the thick ascending limb of loop impermeable to

38
Q

12: formation of urine - what is collecting duct relatively impermeable/permeable to

39
Q

12: properties of countercurrent exchange systems

A
  • two flows moving in opposite directions
  • vessels anatomically close together
  • passive transfer of molecules from 1 vessel to another
40
Q

12: countercurrent multiplier system

A

countercurrent exchange enhanced by active transport of solutes

41
Q

12: how can osmotic gradient for reabsorption of H2O be maintained

A

prevent reduction in osmolarity of medullary interstitium (tissue surrounding the loop of Henle in the medulla)

42
Q

12: countercurrent exchange - vasa recta and collecting duct

A
  • h2o reabsorbed from collecting duct
  • removed from medulla by ascending vasa recta
  • results in concentrated urine with high osmolarity
43
Q

12: countercurrent multiplier exchange - descending limb of loop

A

H2O reabsorption

increased filtrate osmolarity

44
Q

12: countercurrent multiplier exchange - descending limb of vasa recta

A

H2O reabsorption
solute uptake
increased blood osmolarity

45
Q

12: countercurrent multiplier exchange - ascending limb of vasa recta

A

H2O reabsorption

deceased blood osmolarity

46
Q

12: direct renal adjustment

A

directly by excreting or reabsorbing H+

47
Q

12: indirect renal adjustment

A

by excreting /reabsorbing HCO3

48
Q

12: Where does reabsorption and secretion occur

49
Q

12: what are countercurrent mechanisms important in controlling

A

conc of solutes and water in urine

50
Q

12: control of H+ and HCO3- exertion regulates

A

acid base balance

51
Q

13: diuresis

A

drugs that promote removal of excess water in urine / urine excretion

52
Q

13: what does ADH (antidiuretic hormone) control

A

permeability of cells in collecting duct to H2O

53
Q

13: effect of ADH on collecting duct

A

makes collecting duct permeable to H2O

54
Q

13: main controllers of adh release

A

osmoreceptos

55
Q

13: what can stimulate increased ADH release

A

decreased blood volume / pressure

56
Q

13: where is ADH stored

A

vesicles in posterior pituitary gland

57
Q

13: what detects changes in plasma osmolarity

A

osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

58
Q

13: ADH when there is increased plasma osmolarity vs decreased

A 
increased = increased ADH 
decreased = decreased ADH
59
Q

13: what is the normal plasma osmolarity

60
Q

13: physiological stimuli for ADH secretion

A

heightened emotions/stress
high temperature
exercise
pain

61
Q

13: physiological stimuli for ADH secretion - what inhibits release fo ADH

62
Q

13: what alters fluid balance

63
Q

13: decrease in fluid out = MDMA stimulates

A

ADH secretion

64
Q

13: when is ADH released

A

when there is an increase in osmolarity and reduction in blood volume

65
Q

13: what does ADH promote

A

reabsorption fo H2O by cells in collecting duct

66
Q

13: overall effect of ADH

A

decreased H2O excretion

increased blood volume

67
Q

13: ADH deficiency - central diabetes insipidus

A

deficiency of ADH secretion

68
Q

13: ADH deficiency - nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

nephrons do not respond to ADH

69
Q

13: aldosterone

A

steroid hormone synthesised in adrenal cortex following stimulation by angiotensin 2

70
Q

13: what does aldosterone promote

A

reabsorption fo NA+ in distal convoluted tubule and in cortical collecting duct

71
Q

13: overall effect of aldosterone

A

decreased NaCL and H2O excretion

increased blood volume

72
Q

13: what does angiotensin 2 stimulate

A

release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex

73
Q

13: what does angiotensin 2 inhibit

A

baroreceptor reflex

increase the release off norepinephrine from sympathetic postganglionic fibres

74
Q

13: overall effect of angiotensin 2

A

decreased NaCL and h2o excretion

increased blood volume and BP

75
Q

13: what does atrial natriuretic peptide control

A

regulation of plasma volume and na+

76
Q

13: where are atrial natriuretic peptides produced

A

by atria in response to stretch

77
Q

13: what do atrial natriuretic peptides increase

A

renal water and nA+ excretion

78
Q

13: what do atrial natriuretic peptides inhibit

A

thirst
ADH
aldosterone
renin release

79
Q

13: overall effect of natriuretic peptides

A

increased Nacl and h2o excretion

decreased blood volume and Bp

80
Q

13: how does ADH increase blood volume

A

increasing reabsorption of H2O

81
Q

13: how does aldosterone increase blood volume

A

increase reabsorption fo na+

82
Q

13: who does angiotensin 2 increase blood volume

A

increase reabsorption of na+ and h2o

83
Q

13: how do atrial natriuretic peptides decrease blood volume

A

by increasing excretion fo na+ and h2o

84
Q

13: micturition (urine)

A

fluid that leaves the collecting duct

flows through ureter to bladder

85
Q

13: micturition (bladder)

A

hollow organ that can expand

smooth muscle wall

86
Q

13: internal sphincter muscles

A

smooth muscle with normal tone to keep it contracted

87
Q

13: external sphincter muscles

A

skeletal muscle contolled by somatic motor neurones

tonic stimulation from CNS maintains contraction

physiology (7 decks)

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