Respiratory system

Question 1

What is the function of the pulmones?

Answer 1

Carrying oxygen and removing carbondioxide

Question 2

How do we divide the respiratory system?

Answer 2

With the upper and lower unit of the respiratory system. The upper part is made out of the nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx and the lower respiratory track the trachea, primary bronchi and the pulmones.

Question 3

What is the function of the nose?

Answer 3

It’s an airways for respiration, it moisten and heats up the air as well as filter it, but it also has other functions not related to the respiration such as for speech and for smelling.

Question 4

What is the anatomy and function of the pharynx?

Answer 4

The pharynx can be divided into three parts and the different parts has different functions such as hearing, swallowing, speech etc.

Question 5

Fescribe the anatomy of the respiratory tract the lower part in deail

Answer 5

The trachea, main bronchus, segmental bronchus, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles. The respiratory tracht is divided into the transport zone and the respiratory zone and only the respiratory bronchioles are part of the respiratory zone the rest is only for transport.

Question 6

Describe the anatomy of the pulmones

Answer 6

The righ pulmone has three lobes and the left 2. The lobes are then further divided into segments,

Question 7

What are the layers of the bronchus wall?

Answer 7

Adventita, submucosa, mucosa and then the lumen

Question 8

How does the autonomic nervous system stimulate airflow?

Answer 8

Parasympatic stimulation decreases airflow by stimulating smooth muscle cell contraction. Sympatic stimulation open up the airway,

Question 9

What is the pressure ratio in resting phase between the pulmones, the atmosphere and the interapleural pressure

Answer 9

The pressure is the same in the pulmnes as the atmosphere and the intrapleural pressure is slightly lower

Question 10

Describe the pressure ratio in the inspiration phase

Answer 10

There is a lower pressure in the pulmones and the intrapleural pressure compared to the atmospheric pressure. The intrapleural pressure is still lower then the intrapulmonic pressure. This leads to an increase in chest volume and the negative pressure draws air into the lungs.

Question 11

Is inspiration and respiration an active or passive proecess?

Answer 11

Inspiration is an active process where the lung volume increases so the pressure decreases and air goes into the lungs to even out the atmospheric and intrapulmonic pressure. Expiration is an passive pressure at rest and the volume will decrease increasing the pressure forcing the air out of the lung to once again even out the pressure.

Question 12

What is transpulmonary pressure and why?

Answer 12

It’s the difference of alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure. In the human body the transpulmonary pressure is always negative. This keeps the lungs expanded and if the lung is punctured the lung will collapse due to the atmospheric pressure being equal to transpulmonary pressure.

Question 13

What is compliance when talking about the respiratory system?

Answer 13

Volume/Pressure. What is means is that it takes a higher pressure to expand the lung further at higher volumes. This is upkept by the tissues in the lungs.

Question 14

Where and how does diffusion of oxygen occur?

Answer 14

The alveoles has a layer of epithelial cells that connects with a capillary system where diffussion occurs. It has a surface area of about 70 square meet which gives it lots of space to diffuse through

Question 15

Does the differently sized alvoeles have different pressures? How does that work with breathing?

Answer 15

The inner layer of the alveoles is covered in a liquid called surfactant factor that eliminates pressure differences between differently sized alveoles

Question 16

What is the pressure in the pulmonary system compared to the rest of the circulation?

Answer 16

Much lower.

Question 17

What is the local factors of gas diffusion?

Answer 17

Thickness of the mebrane, area of the membrane, diffusion coefficent of the gas, pressure gradient of the membrane

Question 18

What are the diffusion capacity of the different gases?

Answer 18

Some gases can’t diffuse trhough the aveoles to the capillaries and some have a low diffusion capacity such as oxygen while carbon dioxde has a very hih diffusion capacity. This means that the elimination of carbondioxide is rapid.

Question 19

How can we pick up oxygen in the lung despite there being so much oxygen in the lungs compared to the air?

Answer 19

Almost all oxygen is arried trhough hemoglobin that is to lower the concentration of oxygen in the blood so the diffusion can work. If theoxygen traveled trough the blood without binding to hemoglobin the concentration of oxygen would be high and the oxygen from the alveoles wouldn’t diffuse enough.

Question 20

What is the oxygen rate in venous blood?

Answer 20

Around 75% at rest

Question 21

What factors can decrease oxygen saturation in the blood?

Answer 21

high fever and too low pH

Question 22

What is myoglobin?

Answer 22

It’s a molecule found in skeletalmuscle cells that also carry oxygen but can release the oxygen when needed such as during excersise and speeds up the energy process in the mitochondria

Question 23

How is carbondioxide diffused from muscle cells?

Answer 23

There is a high partial pressure of carbondioxide in muscle cells which causes the gas to diffuse to the capillaries

Question 24

How is the carbondioxide transported?

Answer 24

Mostly as bicorbanate, some are dissolved in the plasma and a little trhough hemoglobin after they havee released oxygen. It can then easily be diffused thriugh the alveoles since it has such a high diffusion rate

Question 25

What does thre dead space mean?

Answer 25

That at rest around 70% of the air is recycled air. Because when exhaling the alveole won’t fully empty there will still be some old air left. Then we breath in but the old air still takes up some space and then when we breath out there is still some old air left. The are of the old air is called the dead space.

Question 26

How do we regulate pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 26

The main regulation factor is the level of CO2 in the blood,. There are receptors in the brain that sense the CO2 levels and then send signals to the muscles to regulate breathing. There are also arterial receptors that sense CO2 and O2 pressure. It’s the autonomus nervous system that regulate the pulmonary ventilation by signaling respitary muscles to work harder.