Renes

Question 1

What are the main functions of the renes?

Answer 1

To maintain homeostasis. Excretion, regulation of fluids and electrolytes, produce hormones that regulate blood pressure, erythropoesisand calcium-phosphatebalance and regulate acid base balance.

Question 2

What makes up the renal system?

Answer 2

The renes, the ureter, the bladder and the urethra.

Question 3

Where are the renes found in the body?

Answer 3

They are placed retroperitional

Question 4

Describe the hilum of the renes?

Answer 4

The renal vein, the renal artery,

Question 5

What is the overall structure of the renes?

Answer 5

The cortex, medulla ans the nephrons

Question 6

Describe the structure of the nephron?

Answer 6

The glomerulus, the proximal tube, the loop of Henle, the distal tube, juxta glomerular apparatus, collecting duct

Question 7

Describe the steps of urine production

Answer 7

Filtration, reabsorbtion, secretion

Question 8

What charge makes it easier to filter and which charge makes the moleules harder to filter?

Answer 8

Negativly charged molecules are less filtrered then postivly ones

Question 9

What is GFR?

Answer 9

It stands for the glomeral filtration rate

Question 10

What ways does the body have to maintain a stable and optimal GFR?

Answer 10

Through myogenic with affarent and efferent arterioles and tubuloglomeral through the juxtaglomerelus apparatus

Question 11

How does the body regulate blood pressure with myogenetic regulation of GFR?

Answer 11

With high blood pressure the body constrict the blood flow to lower the pressure of the GFR and with low blood pressure it relaxes the arteries to increasde GFR

Question 12

What is tubuloglomerul arautoregulation?

Answer 12

Tubuloglomerular feedback is when trhough purinergic signaling which in this case means that increased distal tubular sodium chloride concentration which leads to XXXXX

Question 13

How does the concentration of the urine change trhoughout the kidney?

Answer 13

The external cortex of the kidney has a lower concentration and it increases further into the medulla

Question 14

What happens with secretion and reabsorbtion in the proximal tube?

Answer 14

65% reabsorption ofwaterand Na+, all amino acids ir reabsorbed as well as all glucose and almost all bicorbanate and a large amount of phostphate. It also secretes Organic cationsand anions, Urobilin, creatinine, urea and drugs

Question 15

What happens with secretion and reabsorbtion in the loop of Henle?

Answer 15

20-25% av reabsorption of Na+ and water, Substantialpart of Ca+ is reabsorpted here and hypoton urine is produced

Question 16

What is hypotone urine?

Answer 16

High concentration of water and low concentration of other substances

Question 17

What happens with secretion and reabsorbtion in the distal tube?

Answer 17

Final regulation of Na+ to be excreted in the urine, Water reabsorption is dependent on ADH →aquaporins, , Fine tuning of potassium, Ph, magnesium and phosphate

Question 18

What happens in the collecting duct?

Answer 18

Fine tuning of pH, Water reabsorption is dependent on ADH →aquaporins, ADH also upregulates Urea transporter →increased Urea reabsorption (important for water reabsorption)

Question 19

Which cells reabsorbs Na+and secretes K+?

Answer 19

Principal cells

Question 20

What does not get filtrered in the glomerulus?

Answer 20

Large proteins and red blood cells etc

Question 21

What can be found in the final urine?

Answer 21

Small amounts of glucos and proteins, lots of water, urea, drugs, electrolytes etc

Question 22

In the loop of henle that is in the medulla something happens, what?

Answer 22

Salts are being activly pumped out using ATP and making the solution hypertonic. It’s also only permible for water so water will leave the loop of henle. This is where the major part of reabsorbtion occurs.