respiratory system

Question 1

what is the order of air transfer from mouth to lungs?

Answer 1

nasal cavity and mouth
pharynx 
larynx 
trachea
bronchus -> bronchiole -> alveolar sac -> alveoli
lungs

Question 2

what enters and leaves the capillaries around the alveoli

Answer 2

oxygen leaves, carbon dioxide enters

Question 3

what is bulk flow

Answer 3

difference in pressure divided by resistance

In ventilation, air flows from high to low pressure. The bigger the difference, the greater air flow there will be.

Question 4

what is boyles law

Answer 4

decrease in volume, increase in pressure

Question 5

what happened to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles during inspiration

Answer 5

diaphragm descends, intercostal muscles contract

Question 6

what happens to the lung volume and pressure during inspiration

Answer 6

lung volume increases, therefore pressure decreases

Question 7

what happens to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles during expiration

Answer 7

diaphragm muscles relax, intercostal muscles relax

Question 8

what happens to the lung volume and pressure during expiration

Answer 8

decrease in lung volume, increase in pressure

Question 9

what is Tidal Volume

Answer 9

breath taken in or out

Question 10

what is inspiratory reverse volume

Answer 10

the air that can be inspired above TV

Question 11

what is expiratory reserve volume

Answer 11

the air that can be expired below TV

Question 12

what is functional residual capacity

Answer 12

volume of air left in the lungs after normal expiration (resting position of lungs)

Question 13

what is forced vital capacity

Answer 13

from maximum inspiration to maximum expiration

Question 14

what does the rate of diffusion depend on?

Answer 14

temperature, mass, surface area, chemical composition of the medium, pressure differential, solubility

Question 15

what is Henry’s law

Answer 15

Mass of a gas that dissolves in a fluid at a given temperature varies directly with the pressure of the gas over the liquid (provided no chemical reaction takes place between the gas and liquid)

Question 16

what is Daltons Law

Answer 16

Gas mixtures total pressure is equal to the sum of the individual gases in the mixture

Question 17

what is Ficks law?

Answer 17

rate of gas transfer is proportional to the tissue area, the diffusion coefficient of the gas, and the difference in partial pressure of the gas on the two sides of the tissue, and is inversely proportional to the thickness
-> Therefore, alveoli are perfect for diffusion; large surface area ad thin membrane

Question 18

where is the respiratory control centre?

Answer 18

the medulla in the brain

Question 19

what are the effectors in ventilatory control? (homeostasis)

Answer 19

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

Question 20

what are the sensors in ventilatory control? (homeostasis)

Answer 20

receptors in bronchioles, propioreceptors (during exercise), core temperature change

Question 21

what are peripheral chemoreceptors and where are they located?

Answer 21

located in carotid arteries and aortic bodies. these detect changes in CO2 and PCO2 in arteries

Question 22

what do central chemoreceptors sense change in?

Answer 22

change in the chemical state of blood (partial pressure of O2, CO2 and pH)

Question 23

what does the body require more of when exercising

Answer 23

oxygen

Question 24

in terms of the lungs, what increases during exercise

Answer 24

Tidal volume, breathing frequency

Question 25

does the pressure gradient of the lungs change during exercise?

Answer 25

yes, it increases

Question 26

define hypernea

Answer 26

the increase in ventilation during exercise

Question 27

what affect does obesity have on lung function?

Answer 27

restricted movement of diaphragm and rib movement