respiratory system Flashcards
what is the order of air transfer from mouth to lungs?
nasal cavity and mouth pharynx larynx trachea bronchus -> bronchiole -> alveolar sac -> alveoli lungs
what enters and leaves the capillaries around the alveoli
oxygen leaves, carbon dioxide enters
what is bulk flow
difference in pressure divided by resistance
In ventilation, air flows from high to low pressure. The bigger the difference, the greater air flow there will be.
what is boyles law
decrease in volume, increase in pressure
what happened to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles during inspiration
diaphragm descends, intercostal muscles contract
what happens to the lung volume and pressure during inspiration
lung volume increases, therefore pressure decreases
what happens to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles during expiration
diaphragm muscles relax, intercostal muscles relax
what happens to the lung volume and pressure during expiration
decrease in lung volume, increase in pressure
what is Tidal Volume
breath taken in or out
what is inspiratory reverse volume
the air that can be inspired above TV
what is expiratory reserve volume
the air that can be expired below TV
what is functional residual capacity
volume of air left in the lungs after normal expiration (resting position of lungs)
what is forced vital capacity
from maximum inspiration to maximum expiration
what does the rate of diffusion depend on?
temperature, mass, surface area, chemical composition of the medium, pressure differential, solubility
what is Henry’s law
Mass of a gas that dissolves in a fluid at a given temperature varies directly with the pressure of the gas over the liquid (provided no chemical reaction takes place between the gas and liquid)
what is Daltons Law
Gas mixtures total pressure is equal to the sum of the individual gases in the mixture
what is Ficks law?
rate of gas transfer is proportional to the tissue area, the diffusion coefficient of the gas, and the difference in partial pressure of the gas on the two sides of the tissue, and is inversely proportional to the thickness
-> Therefore, alveoli are perfect for diffusion; large surface area ad thin membrane
where is the respiratory control centre?
the medulla in the brain
what are the effectors in ventilatory control? (homeostasis)
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
what are the sensors in ventilatory control? (homeostasis)
receptors in bronchioles, propioreceptors (during exercise), core temperature change
what are peripheral chemoreceptors and where are they located?
located in carotid arteries and aortic bodies. these detect changes in CO2 and PCO2 in arteries
what do central chemoreceptors sense change in?
change in the chemical state of blood (partial pressure of O2, CO2 and pH)
what does the body require more of when exercising
oxygen
in terms of the lungs, what increases during exercise
Tidal volume, breathing frequency
