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Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anatomical difference of upper airway in an infant?

A

Head : larger with prominent occiput
Neck : shorter
Tongue : Larger
Larynx : Higher and anterior
Epiglottis : Floppier, narrow and U-shaped
Trachea : shorter, right main bronchus angled less than left

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2
Q

What is the narrowest part of the airway for infants and adults?

A

Infant : Criocoid cartilage

Adults : glottis

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3
Q

What are the 3 components for work of breathing?

A
  1. Compliance work
  2. Resistance work
  3. Airway resistance
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4
Q

What is compliance work?

A

It is required to expand the elastic force of the lungs

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5
Q

What is resistance work?

A

It is required to overcome the viscosity of the lung and thoracic cage

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6
Q

What is airway resistance?

A

It is work required to overcome resistance to gas flow

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7
Q

What is the effect of pulmonary disease?

A

Increase the work of breathing -> Increase the metabolic rate and oxygen demand
-> results in respiratory muscle fatigue

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8
Q

What are the factors that wil affect tissue oxygen consumption?

A
  1. Fever
  2. Shivering
  3. Working of breathing
  4. Dressing change
  5. Bath
  6. Sepsis
  7. Agitation
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9
Q

How to assess patients with respiratory conditions?

A
  1. General appearance
  2. Respiratory efforts and patterns ( use of accessory muscle )
  3. Present of cough or phlegm
  4. Skin colour and perfusion
  5. Abdomen distention ( splinting of diaphragm )
  6. Activity intolerance
  7. Level of responsiveness - drowsy
  8. Oxygen profile - saturation, blood gases
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10
Q

What is the assessment of respiratory distress?

A
  1. Increase in RR
  2. Increase in HR
  3. Decrease in SpO2
  4. Usage of accessory muscles
  5. Retractions and/ or nasal flaring ( Suprasternal, Intercostal, Clavicular, Subternal and Subcostal )
  6. Sweating, clammy skin
  7. Grunting
  8. Auscultate breath sounds ( stridor, wheeze etc )
  9. Head bobbing
  10. Character of cough ( e.g. Croupy cough )
  11. Agitation of restlessness
  12. Cyanosis
  13. Conscious level : drowsy and hypercapnia
  14. Position ( assume position to enable ventilation and limit work of breathing e.g. Tripod position, Classic in Epiglottis : drooling and sitting upright )
  15. Metabolic acidosis
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11
Q

Increase in respiration rate equal

A

high fever, pain or anxiety

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12
Q

What are the normal readings for neonate?

A

HR : 120 - 180
RR : 40-60
Systolic BP : 60-80

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13
Q

What are the normal readings for 1 month to 1 year ?

A

HR : 110 - 160
RR : 30 - 40
Systolic BP : 70 - 90

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14
Q

What are the normal readings for 1 to 2 years ?

A

HR : 100 -150
RR : 25 - 35
Systolic BP : 80 -95

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15
Q

What are the normal readings for 2 to 7 years ?

A

HR : 95 -140
RR : 25 - 30
Systolic BP : 90 -110

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16
Q

What are the normal readings for 7 to 12 years ?

A

HR : 80 -120
RR : 20 - 25
Systolic BP : 100 -120

17
Q

Bradynpea

A

Slow for age

  • Hypothermia
  • Drug-induced
  • Increase in ICP ( Increased intracranial pressure )
18
Q

Tachypnea

A

Rapid for age

  • Pulmonary disease
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Increased metabolic need
19
Q

Hypernea

A

Deep and rapid

- Diabetic Ketoacidosis

20
Q

Dyspnea

A 
Difficult of labored breathing 
- Acute distress
pneumothorax
- Intermittment distress
Asthma
- Chronic lung problems
21
Q

Orthopnea

A

Intolerant of supine position

  • Asthma
  • Pulmonary Edema / Disease
22
Q

What are the nursing problems?

A 
- Ineffective airway clearance
Ineffective cough
Fatigue, weakness
Viscous secretion
Pain 
Aspiration of foreign body
  • Inflammatory process
  • Impaired gas exchange
  • Altered family process
  • Imblance Nutrition
23
Q

What are the nursing management?

A
  • Administer oxygen and humidification
  • Suctioning to remove secretion / mouth care
  • Adequate oral fluid intake
  • Medication : expectorant therapy
  • Positioning
  • Chest Physiotherapy referral
  • Family support to allay anxiety
  • Homecare
24
Q

What is the purpose of oxygen delivery device?

A
  1. relieve hypoxemia
  2. decrease work of breathing
  3. reduce myocardial stress
25
Q

What are the diagnostic tests that need to be done?

A
  • Chest x-ray
  • Respiratory function studies
  • Laboratory tests e.g. blood gas analysis
26
Q

What is the nursing management ( evaluation )

A
  1. Observe child’s respiratory effort and chest movement
  2. Observe child’s behaviour and activity ( tolerance of physiotherapy )
  3. Monitor vital signs
  4. Observe signs of inadequate hydration
  5. assess complications e.g. dehydration, weight loss or infection
  6. collaborate with child and family, observing their behaviour

children (12 decks)

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