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children > Growth and Development from birth to adolescence > Flashcards

Growth and Development from birth to adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

What is development?

A

It is

  • Cephalocaudal
  • Proximal to distal body parts
  • Gross to refined skills
  • From lower to more complex stage or development tasks
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2
Q

What is the prenatal stage?

A

Germinal : Conception to 2 weeks
Embryonic : 2-8 weeks
Fetal : 8 - 40 weeks

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3
Q

What is the infancy stage?

A

Neonatal : Birth to 28 days

Infant : 28 days - 12 months

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4
Q

What is early childhood?

A

Toddler : 1 - 3 years

Pre-school : 3 - 6 years

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5
Q

What is mid childhood?

A

School age : 6 to 12 years

Late childhood/ Pre-pubertal : 10 - 13 years

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6
Q

What is adolescent ?

A

13 - 18 years

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7
Q

What is skeletal growth and maturation?

A

Hand and wrist x-ray is useful for determining skeletal age especially before 6 yeats

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8
Q

What is the brain growth ?

A

1 year old : 50%
3 years old : 75%
6 years old : 90%

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9
Q

What is the growth rate for birth to 6 months?

A
  • Weekly weight gain: 140-200gms

- Monthly height gain: 2.5cm

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10
Q

What is the growth rate for 6 - 12 months?

A
  • Weekly weight gain: 85-140gms

- Monthly height gain: 1.25cm

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11
Q

What is the growth for toddlers, preschoolers & school-aged children?

A
  • Yearly weight gain: 2-3kg

- Height gain: 12cm at start and slows down to 5cm per year

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12
Q

What is the pubertal growth spurt?

A
  • Female: 10 – 14 years weight gain 7 to 25kg, height gain 5 to 25cm.
    Height max at menarche or skeletal age of 13 years
  • Males: 11-16 years weight gain 7 to 30kg, height gain 10cm to 30cm.
    Height max at skeletal age of 15 years
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13
Q

What is freud theory?

A

Child develops a series of psychosexual stages, focus on particular body part

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14
Q

FREUD VERSUS ERIKSON
Infancy
Birth to 1 year

A

Freud
Oral sensory
- Explore by using mouth especially tongue

Erikson

  • forms sense of trust v.s mistrust
  • learns to love and be loved
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15
Q

Toddler

1 to 3 years

A

Freud
Anal stage
- learn to control urination and defecation

Erikson

  • autonomy verus shame and doubt
  • learns to be independent
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16
Q

FREUD V.S. ERIKSON
Early childhood
( 3 to 6 years )

A

Freud
Phallic stage
- learns sexual identify through awareness of genital areas

Erikson
Initiative versus guilt
- learns how to do things and doing things is desirable

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17
Q

Mid childhood
( 6 to 12 years )

FREUD VERSUS ERIKSON

A

Freud
Latency
- Personality development appears to be non active or dormant

Erikson
Industry versus inferiority
- learns how to do things well

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18
Q

Adolescent

12 to 19 years

A

Freud
Genitality
- sexual maturity, learn to establish a relationship with opposite sex

Erikson
Identity versus identity confusion
- learns who they are and the kind of person they will be by adjusting to a new body image

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19
Q

LANGUAGE ABILITY
Prelinguistic
10 months to 1 year

A

Crying, cooing, babbling – pronounces mama by age 8 months.

Understands mama and da-da incorrect context by age 10 months

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20
Q

Holophrastic
1 to 1.5 yrs

Language abilities

A

Single-word utterances that represent the meaning of an entire sentence

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21
Q

Telegraphic

1.5 to 2 yrs

A

Content words, omission of less meaningful parts of speech such as
articles, prepositions and auxiliary words

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22
Q

Pre-school

2.5 to 5 yrs

A

Lengthy sentences with increasing complexity

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23
Q

Mid-childhood

6 to 14 yrs

A

Use of bigger words, longer and more complex sentences; able to
understand complex syntactic structures of native language

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24
Q

What is gross motor?

A
  • Sitting, walking
25
Q

What is fine motor and vision?

A
  • Grasping, reaching picking and following
26
Q

What is social, emotional and behavioural

A
  • smiles, play, interaction and independence
27
Q

What is speech, language and hearing

A
  • Responding to sounds, talking in words/sentencing, calling and
    understanding
28
Q

Sucking

A

3 to 4 months

touch infant’s lips with fingers

29
Q

Rooting

A

3 to 4 months
( Stroke corner of mouth; observe infant move
head toward stimulation )

30
Q

Moro Infant reflexes.

The Moro reflex is often called a startle reflex. That’s because it usually occurs when a baby is startled by a loud sound or movement. In response to the sound, the baby throws back his or her head, extends out his or her arms and legs, cries, then pulls the arms and legs back in.

A

Decreases 3 to 4 months
Disappears 6 months

Make loud noise or brace infant’s head and
back and simulate falling - infant extends then
flexes arm and fingers

31
Q

Palmar grasp

A

Strongest 1 to 2 months Disappears 3
to 4 months

Place index fingers into infant’s hands

32
Q

When a baby’s head is turned to one side, the arm on that side stretches out and the opposite arm bends up at the elbow. This is often called the fencing position. This reflex lasts until the baby is about 5 to 7 months old.

A

Decreases 3 to 4 months Disappears 6
months

With infant in a supine position, turn his head
to one side - the upper and lower extremities
on that side extend, the opposite extremities
flex

33
Q

Stepping

If you hold your baby upright immediately above a flat surface, your baby may stretch their legs toward the surface.

A

Disappears before walking

Hold infant under axillae in standing position.
Place feet on flat

34
Q

Neonate

Gross motor and Fine motor development

A

Gross motor development :
Turn head side to side from prone position

Fine motor development :
Strong grasp

35
Q

3 months

Gross motor and Fine motor development

A

Gross motor development :
Almost no head lag

Fine motor development :
Grasp reflex fades, however can actively hold a rattle

36
Q

5 months

Gross motor and Fine motor development

A

Gross motor development :
Roll from front to back

Fine motor development :
Can grasp voluntarily and hand to hand transfer

37
Q

7-8 months

Gross motor and Fine motor development

A

Gross motor development :
Sits leaning forward and sit

Fine motor development :
Grasp with thumb and finger

38
Q

9-10 months

A

Gross motor development :
Crawl and pull to stand

Fine motor development :
Pincer grasp

39
Q

10 - 12 months

Gross motor development

A

Gross motor development :

Walking while holding on to object

40
Q

12 - 15 months

A

Gross motor development :
Walks without help

Fine motor development :
Building block

41
Q

2-3 years

A

Gross motor development :
Walks up and down stairs
Jumps with both feet

Fine motor development :
Imitate vertical stroke, copy basic shapes

42
Q

3-4 years

Gross motor development

A

Gross motor development :

Ride a tricycle

43
Q

4-5 years

A

Fine motor development :

Copy more shapes, tie shoe laces and use scissors

44
Q

Sleep patterns of infants

A

1st month: Most infants sleep when not eating
3 – 4 months: Most infants sleep 9 – 11 hours at night
By 12 months: Takes morning and afternoon naps

45
Q

Sleep patterns of infants

A

Average about 12 hours daily

Most naps once a day

46
Q

Tooth development chart

A

Primary tooth eruption usually begins by 6
months – central incisors

● Primary dentition (20 deciduous teeth) by 3
years

● Around the age of 6, permanent teeth erupt
and child gradually looses the deciduous
teeth

47
Q

Nutrition

A

Introduce of solid at 6 months onward - must be
gradual
● Fluid requirement: Milk primary source of water for
infant and water requirement average 120-
150ml/kg/day

48
Q

0 - 3 months ( food )

A

Avoid use of honey or syrup

Do not need water

49
Q

4-6 months ( food )

A 
• Introduce weaning diet
without added salt or sugar
• Introuce one food at a time
• Avoid sweetened drinks
• Feed on spoon
50
Q

7 - 9 months

A

• Introduce finger food and cup
when infant is able to sit up
• Observe for choking
• Offer fluid after food

51
Q

10 - 12 months

food

A 
• Offer 3 meals and healthy
snacks
• Allow infant to feed self with
spoon
• Supervision feeding
52
Q

Bowel

A

● Elimination patterns usually develop by 2nd week of life
● Associated with frequency and amount of feedings
● Stool color and consistency depends on what the infant eats
● Quantities change with the introduction of solids

53
Q

Urinary output

A

● Average of 200-300ml by the end of 1st week of life with
about 20 voiding per day
● Infancy: 350-550mls/day
● Childhood 500-1000mls/day

54
Q

Socializations

A

● 2 months: displays social smile
● 3 months: recognizes familiar faces
● 4 months: enjoys social interactions
● 5months: smiles at mirror image
● 6 months: begins to fear strangers
● 8 months: begins to manifest “stranger anxiety”
● 12 months: shows emotions such as jealousy and affection
● Toddlers: may use tantrums to assert independence
● School age: increasingly involved in complex activities

55
Q

2 years old

A 
● Walking
● Kick and throw a ball
● Stack 5-6 blocks
● Follow two-steps command
● Use 2-3 word phrases
● Listening stories and looking at
pictures
● Imitating adults
● Participate in parallel play
56
Q

3 years

A 
● Balancing on one foot
● Dressing self
● Pedaling a riding toy
● Control daytime bladder and
elimination
● Engaging in magical thinking
● Beginning cooperative play
● Using 3-4 word sentence
● Give own first name and age
57
Q

4 years

A 
● Walking, climbing, jumping and running
● Riding a tricycle or bicycle with training
wheels
● Building a tower of 10 blocks
● Draw a person with 3 parts
● Using short paragraphs with sentences of 4
or 5 words
● Distinguish fantasy from reality
● Giving first and last name
● Singing a song
58
Q

5 years

A 
● Walking, climbing and running with
coordination
● Dressing self independently
● Drawing a person with full body
● Copying a triangle and square
● Speaking in short paragraphs and recognition
of most alphabet letters
● Giving own address and telephone number
● Follow rules of interactive peer games

children (12 decks)

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