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Anatomy and Physiology II - BelRea > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Diaphragm

A

primary muscle of respiration

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2
Q

Diaphragmatic Hernia

A

GI organs migrate into the thoracic cavity through a hole in the diaphragm
Dx: no heart sounds on 1 side of chest or may hear gut sounds
Tx: sx - must use ventilator

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3
Q

Spinal Cord Injuries

A

Can’t use phrenic nerve - innervates the diaphragm

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4
Q

Pleura

A

lined with simple squamous epithelium

Functions: reduces friction and releases mucus

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5
Q

Parietal

A

lines the thoracic wall

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6
Q

Visceral

A

lies the organs within the thoracic cavity

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7
Q

Mediastinum

A

barrier between right and left lungs

prevents both lungs from collapse and infection

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8
Q

Intrapleural space

A

necessary to inflate lungs
negative pressure, vacuum, no air
should never have anything in it

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9
Q

Trachea/Bronchial Tree

A

Airway

O2 inhaled/CO2 exhaled

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10
Q

Aspiration Pneumonia

A

Inflammation of the lungs caused by inhalation of foreign substances

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11
Q

Right Lung Lobes

A

Right Cranial Lung Lobe
Right Middle Lung Lobe
Right Caudal Lung Lobe
Right Accessory Lung Lobe

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12
Q

Left Lung Lobes

A

Cranial Part of the Left Cranial Lung Lobe
Caudal Part of the Left Cranial Lung Lobe
Caudal Lung Lobe

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13
Q

Bronchioles

A

Lined with smooth muscle

Involuntary

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14
Q

Bronchodilation

A

Relaxation of the bronchioles

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15
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A

Contraction of the bronchioles

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16
Q

Alveolar Sacs

A

Lined with simple squamous epithelium
Surrounded by yellow elastic connective tissue
Gas exchange occurs

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17
Q

Emphysema

A

A condition in which the alveolar sacs are damaged resulting in a decrease in pulmonary compliance
Tx: oxygen therapy - only adds O2 to system, does not help flush out expired CO2

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18
Q

Inhalaltion

A

Active process
Contraction of muscles - intercostal
Diaphragm is pulled caudally

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19
Q

Exhalation

A

Passive process
Muscles relax
Diaphragm is pulled cranially

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20
Q

Composition of air

A 
O2 = 21%
N2 = 79%
CO2 = <1% (300ppm)
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21
Q

Acid/Base Balance

A

pH of blood - 7.4 +/- 0.02
Decrease CO2
2 organs involved - lungs and kidneys

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22
Q

Acid/Base Balance - Lungs

A

CO2 increased
decreased pH
K+ in blood

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23
Q

Acid/Base Balance - Kidneys

A

Increased H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
K+ in blood
Decreased HR

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24
Q

Pneumotaxic center

A

Measures CO2 levels

- increase CO2 = increase respiration

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25
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Formula: 10-15ml/kg

Amount of air contained in one entire breath (inhalation and expiration)

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26
Q

Minute Volume

A

Formula: Tidal volume x RR

Amount of air contained in one minutes worth of breathing

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27
Q

Gas Exchange - Capillary

A

Low in O2
- pO2: 40 mmHg
High in CO2
- pCO2: 46 mmHg

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28
Q

Gas Exchange - Alveoli

A 
High in O2
- pO2: 100 mmHg
Low in CO2
- pCO2: 40 mmHg
Termed ETCO2 (End Tidal CO2)
- partial pressure of CO2 at the end of an exhaled breath
- normal: 35-45mmHg
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29
Q

Capnography

A 
monitoring the concentration or partial pressure of CO2 in respirator gases
3 values
- RR: 15-30 rpm
- ETCO2: 35-45 mmHg
- InCO2: 0-5 mmHg (inspiratory CO2)
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30
Q

Gas Transport - Oxygen

A

Almost all bound to hemoglobin in RBCs
Small amount in plasma
Arterial blood - 97%
Venous blood - 70%

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31
Q

Pulse Oximetry

A

% of Hb saturated with oxygen

- SpO2: saturated Hb with O2

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32
Q

Gas Exchange - Carbon Dioxide

A

10% dissolved in plasma
20% combined with hemoglobin
70% transported as an ion

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33
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

A

Decreased CO2, Decreased H2CO3, Increased pH
Caused by:
- Hyperventilation
- Iatrogenically during anesthesia

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34
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A 
Increased CO2, Increased H2CO3, Decreased pH, Increased K+, Decreased HR
3 Types:
- Intrapleural
- Intraalveolar
- Misc
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35
Q

Intrapleural Causes of Respiratory Acidosis

A

AKA: atelectasis

Something extra in the pleural space

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36
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Presence of free air in the thorax

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37
Q

Pyothorax

A

Presence of pus in the thorax

38
Q

Hemothorax

A

Presence of blood in the thorax

39
Q

Chylothorax

A

Presence of lymphatic fluid in the thorax

40
Q

Pneumonia

A

Lower respiratory infection - alveoli

41
Q

Drowning

A

Presence of H2O in the alveoli

42
Q

Pulmonary Contusion

A

Bruising of the lung caused by chest trauma

43
Q

Pulmonary Edema

A

Build up of fluid in the alveolar sacs

44
Q

Intraalveolar Causes of Respiratory Acidosis

A 
Anything which causes no gas exchange
Ex:
- Drowning
- Pneumonia
- Pulmonary Contusion
- Pulmonary Edema
45
Q

Misc Causes of Respiratory Acidosis

A
  • Emphysema
  • Obstructed airway
  • Asphyxiation
46
Q

Emphysema

A

Lungs lose elasticity

47
Q

Obstructed Airway

A

Aspiration
Strangulation
Mucus plug in ET tube
Medications

48
Q

Asphyxiation

A

Closed space

Anesthesia machine

49
Q

Why do we ventilate a pt on anesthesia?

A

To decrease excess CO2 - prevent hypercapnia

To prevent atelelectasis

50
Q

4 Elements of Blood Gas

A

pH: 7.35-7.45
pCO2: 35-45 mmHg
HCO3: 18-25 mmol/L
Anion gap: 12-24 meq/l

51
Q

Acid/Base Balance - Formula

A

CO2 + H20 H2CO3 H + HCO3

52
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A

Low pH
Low HCO3
Causes: renal failure, ketoacidosis

53
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

A

High pH
High HCO3
Causes: vomiting, decrease in HCl

54
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A

Low pH
High pCO2
High HCO3 - tries to neutralize acid
Causes: neurological, respiratory, paralysis

55
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

A

High pH
Low pCO2
Low HCO3 - kidneys excrete bicarbonate
Causes: excessive ventilation

56
Q

Functions of Blood

A

Transportation of O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, vitamins, waste
Regulation of pH, fluid balance, body temp
Defense against foreign organisms

57
Q

Plasma

A

Fluid portion of anticoagulated blood

58
Q

Serum

A

Fluid portion of coagulated blood

59
Q

Dissolved Substances of Blood

A

Proteins - albumin, clotting factors, antibodies
Nutrients - glucose, oxygen
Electrolytes - Na+, Cl-, K+
Waste Products - BUN, bilirubin
Hormones and Enzymes - insulin, acetylcholinesterase

60
Q

Pericardial Sac

A

Membrane
Dense fibrous connective tissue
Function: reduces and prevents friction

61
Q

Epicardium

A

Simple squamous epithelial tissue

Function: reduces friction

62
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle

Function: pumps blood

63
Q

Endocardium

A

Simple squamous epithelial tissue

Function: prevents blood from clotting in chambers

64
Q

Medial Septum

A

Cardiac muscle

Divides R & L sides of the heart

65
Q

Right Atrial-Ventricular Valve

A

Tricuspid

Separates R atria and R ventricle

66
Q

Left Atrial-Ventricular Valve

A

Bicuspid

Separates L atria and L ventricle

67
Q

Aortic Valve

A

Located at opening of aorta

68
Q

Pulmonic Valve

A

Located at opening of pulmonary artery

69
Q

Electrical Conduction System

A

SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Purkinje Fibers

70
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of ventricles

71
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of ventricles

72
Q

Cardiac Output Formula

A

Stroke volume X heart rate

73
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

100-160 mmHg

74
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

60-100 mmHg

75
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure

A

80-120 mmHg

76
Q

Right Heart Failure (RHF)

A

Blood will back into vena cava and then to abdominal cavity

Symptom: ascites

77
Q

Left Heart Failure (LHF)

A

aka: Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Symptom: pulmonary edema, decreased BP due to tachycardia
Treatment: O2, diuretic, cardiac regulator

78
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

Helps diagnose arrhythmias

Shows electrical activity of the heart

79
Q

Leads for ECG

A 
White - right axillary
Black - left axillary
Red - left inguinal 
Green - right inguinal
Tan - sternum
80
Q

5 Parts to an ECG

A

P wave - atrial depolarization
QRS Complex - ventricular depolarization
T wave - ventricular repolarization

81
Q

Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia

A

Can be a normal variation in dogs

HR will increase on inhalation and decrease on exhalation

82
Q

Ventricular Premature Contraction (VPC)

A

Some ectopic force is causing ventricle to beat prematurely
Okay if occasional
Treatment: lidocaine and prcainamide

83
Q

Ventricular Tachycardia

A

More than 3 VPC’s in consecutive sessions
Results in significant decrease on C.O.
Treatment: lidocaine and procainamide

84
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation (V fib)

A

Ventricle is not contracting in a normal fashion

Only Treatment: defibrillation

85
Q

Second Degree AV Block

A

There is a block in conduction between the SA node and the AV node
Will result in bradycardia
Treatment: anticholinergics, atropine sulfate

86
Q

Third Degree AV Block

A

SA and AV node are not communicating
P wave and QRS complex are not coordinated
Treatment: peacemaker

87
Q

Parasympathetic

A

decreased HR

88
Q

Sympathetic

A

increased HR

89
Q

Epinephrine

A

sympathetic
chronotropic
speeds up HR

90
Q

Cortisol

A

stress hormone
adrenal cortex
increased contractility
increased HR

Anatomy and Physiology II - BelRea (2 decks)

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