Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology II - BelRea > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Diaphragm

A

primary muscle of respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Diaphragmatic Hernia

A

GI organs migrate into the thoracic cavity through a hole in the diaphragm
Dx: no heart sounds on 1 side of chest or may hear gut sounds
Tx: sx - must use ventilator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Spinal Cord Injuries

A

Can’t use phrenic nerve - innervates the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pleura

A

lined with simple squamous epithelium

Functions: reduces friction and releases mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Parietal

A

lines the thoracic wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Visceral

A

lies the organs within the thoracic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mediastinum

A

barrier between right and left lungs

prevents both lungs from collapse and infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Intrapleural space

A

necessary to inflate lungs
negative pressure, vacuum, no air
should never have anything in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Trachea/Bronchial Tree

A

Airway

O2 inhaled/CO2 exhaled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Aspiration Pneumonia

A

Inflammation of the lungs caused by inhalation of foreign substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Right Lung Lobes

A

Right Cranial Lung Lobe
Right Middle Lung Lobe
Right Caudal Lung Lobe
Right Accessory Lung Lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Left Lung Lobes

A

Cranial Part of the Left Cranial Lung Lobe
Caudal Part of the Left Cranial Lung Lobe
Caudal Lung Lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bronchioles

A

Lined with smooth muscle

Involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bronchodilation

A

Relaxation of the bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A

Contraction of the bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Alveolar Sacs

A

Lined with simple squamous epithelium
Surrounded by yellow elastic connective tissue
Gas exchange occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Emphysema

A

A condition in which the alveolar sacs are damaged resulting in a decrease in pulmonary compliance
Tx: oxygen therapy - only adds O2 to system, does not help flush out expired CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Inhalaltion

A

Active process
Contraction of muscles - intercostal
Diaphragm is pulled caudally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Exhalation

A

Passive process
Muscles relax
Diaphragm is pulled cranially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Composition of air

A 
O2 = 21%
N2 = 79%
CO2 = <1% (300ppm)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Acid/Base Balance

A

pH of blood - 7.4 +/- 0.02
Decrease CO2
2 organs involved - lungs and kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Acid/Base Balance - Lungs

A

CO2 increased
decreased pH
K+ in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Acid/Base Balance - Kidneys

A

Increased H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
K+ in blood
Decreased HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pneumotaxic center

A

Measures CO2 levels

- increase CO2 = increase respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Tidal Volume
Formula: 10-15ml/kg | Amount of air contained in one entire breath (inhalation and expiration)
26
Minute Volume
Formula: Tidal volume x RR | Amount of air contained in one minutes worth of breathing
27
Gas Exchange - Capillary
Low in O2 - pO2: 40 mmHg High in CO2 - pCO2: 46 mmHg
28
Gas Exchange - Alveoli
``` High in O2 - pO2: 100 mmHg Low in CO2 - pCO2: 40 mmHg Termed ETCO2 (End Tidal CO2) - partial pressure of CO2 at the end of an exhaled breath - normal: 35-45mmHg ```
29
Capnography
``` monitoring the concentration or partial pressure of CO2 in respirator gases 3 values - RR: 15-30 rpm - ETCO2: 35-45 mmHg - InCO2: 0-5 mmHg (inspiratory CO2) ```
30
Gas Transport - Oxygen
Almost all bound to hemoglobin in RBCs Small amount in plasma Arterial blood - 97% Venous blood - 70%
31
Pulse Oximetry
% of Hb saturated with oxygen | - SpO2: saturated Hb with O2
32
Gas Exchange - Carbon Dioxide
10% dissolved in plasma 20% combined with hemoglobin 70% transported as an ion
33
Respiratory Alkalosis
Decreased CO2, Decreased H2CO3, Increased pH Caused by: - Hyperventilation - Iatrogenically during anesthesia
34
Respiratory Acidosis
``` Increased CO2, Increased H2CO3, Decreased pH, Increased K+, Decreased HR 3 Types: - Intrapleural - Intraalveolar - Misc ```
35
Intrapleural Causes of Respiratory Acidosis
AKA: atelectasis | Something extra in the pleural space
36
Pneumothorax
Presence of free air in the thorax
37
Pyothorax
Presence of pus in the thorax
38
Hemothorax
Presence of blood in the thorax
39
Chylothorax
Presence of lymphatic fluid in the thorax
40
Pneumonia
Lower respiratory infection - alveoli
41
Drowning
Presence of H2O in the alveoli
42
Pulmonary Contusion
Bruising of the lung caused by chest trauma
43
Pulmonary Edema
Build up of fluid in the alveolar sacs
44
Intraalveolar Causes of Respiratory Acidosis
``` Anything which causes no gas exchange Ex: - Drowning - Pneumonia - Pulmonary Contusion - Pulmonary Edema ```
45
Misc Causes of Respiratory Acidosis
- Emphysema - Obstructed airway - Asphyxiation
46
Emphysema
Lungs lose elasticity
47
Obstructed Airway
Aspiration Strangulation Mucus plug in ET tube Medications
48
Asphyxiation
Closed space | Anesthesia machine
49
Why do we ventilate a pt on anesthesia?
To decrease excess CO2 - prevent hypercapnia | To prevent atelelectasis
50
4 Elements of Blood Gas
pH: 7.35-7.45 pCO2: 35-45 mmHg HCO3: 18-25 mmol/L Anion gap: 12-24 meq/l
51
Acid/Base Balance - Formula
CO2 + H20 H2CO3 H + HCO3
52
Metabolic Acidosis
Low pH Low HCO3 Causes: renal failure, ketoacidosis
53
Metabolic Alkalosis
High pH High HCO3 Causes: vomiting, decrease in HCl
54
Respiratory Acidosis
Low pH High pCO2 High HCO3 - tries to neutralize acid Causes: neurological, respiratory, paralysis
55
Respiratory Alkalosis
High pH Low pCO2 Low HCO3 - kidneys excrete bicarbonate Causes: excessive ventilation
56
Functions of Blood
Transportation of O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, vitamins, waste Regulation of pH, fluid balance, body temp Defense against foreign organisms
57
Plasma
Fluid portion of anticoagulated blood
58
Serum
Fluid portion of coagulated blood
59
Dissolved Substances of Blood
Proteins - albumin, clotting factors, antibodies Nutrients - glucose, oxygen Electrolytes - Na+, Cl-, K+ Waste Products - BUN, bilirubin Hormones and Enzymes - insulin, acetylcholinesterase
60
Pericardial Sac
Membrane Dense fibrous connective tissue Function: reduces and prevents friction
61
Epicardium
Simple squamous epithelial tissue | Function: reduces friction
62
Myocardium
Cardiac muscle | Function: pumps blood
63
Endocardium
Simple squamous epithelial tissue | Function: prevents blood from clotting in chambers
64
Medial Septum
Cardiac muscle | Divides R & L sides of the heart
65
Right Atrial-Ventricular Valve
Tricuspid | Separates R atria and R ventricle
66
Left Atrial-Ventricular Valve
Bicuspid | Separates L atria and L ventricle
67
Aortic Valve
Located at opening of aorta
68
Pulmonic Valve
Located at opening of pulmonary artery
69
Electrical Conduction System
SA node AV node Bundle of His Purkinje Fibers
70
Diastole
Relaxation of ventricles
71
Systole
Contraction of ventricles
72
Cardiac Output Formula
Stroke volume X heart rate
73
Systolic Pressure
100-160 mmHg
74
Diastolic Pressure
60-100 mmHg
75
Mean Arterial Pressure
80-120 mmHg
76
Right Heart Failure (RHF)
Blood will back into vena cava and then to abdominal cavity | Symptom: ascites
77
Left Heart Failure (LHF)
aka: Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) Symptom: pulmonary edema, decreased BP due to tachycardia Treatment: O2, diuretic, cardiac regulator
78
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Helps diagnose arrhythmias | Shows electrical activity of the heart
79
Leads for ECG
``` White - right axillary Black - left axillary Red - left inguinal Green - right inguinal Tan - sternum ```
80
5 Parts to an ECG
P wave - atrial depolarization QRS Complex - ventricular depolarization T wave - ventricular repolarization
81
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia
Can be a normal variation in dogs | HR will increase on inhalation and decrease on exhalation
82
Ventricular Premature Contraction (VPC)
Some ectopic force is causing ventricle to beat prematurely Okay if occasional Treatment: lidocaine and prcainamide
83
Ventricular Tachycardia
More than 3 VPC's in consecutive sessions Results in significant decrease on C.O. Treatment: lidocaine and procainamide
84
Ventricular Fibrillation (V fib)
Ventricle is not contracting in a normal fashion | Only Treatment: defibrillation
85
Second Degree AV Block
There is a block in conduction between the SA node and the AV node Will result in bradycardia Treatment: anticholinergics, atropine sulfate
86
Third Degree AV Block
SA and AV node are not communicating P wave and QRS complex are not coordinated Treatment: peacemaker
87
Parasympathetic
decreased HR
88
Sympathetic
increased HR
89
Epinephrine
sympathetic chronotropic speeds up HR
90
Cortisol
stress hormone adrenal cortex increased contractility increased HR

Anatomy and Physiology II - BelRea (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions