Respiratory System Flashcards
Diaphragm
primary muscle of respiration
Diaphragmatic Hernia
GI organs migrate into the thoracic cavity through a hole in the diaphragm
Dx: no heart sounds on 1 side of chest or may hear gut sounds
Tx: sx - must use ventilator
Spinal Cord Injuries
Can’t use phrenic nerve - innervates the diaphragm
Pleura
lined with simple squamous epithelium
Functions: reduces friction and releases mucus
Parietal
lines the thoracic wall
Visceral
lies the organs within the thoracic cavity
Mediastinum
barrier between right and left lungs
prevents both lungs from collapse and infection
Intrapleural space
necessary to inflate lungs
negative pressure, vacuum, no air
should never have anything in it
Trachea/Bronchial Tree
Airway
O2 inhaled/CO2 exhaled
Aspiration Pneumonia
Inflammation of the lungs caused by inhalation of foreign substances
Right Lung Lobes
Right Cranial Lung Lobe
Right Middle Lung Lobe
Right Caudal Lung Lobe
Right Accessory Lung Lobe
Left Lung Lobes
Cranial Part of the Left Cranial Lung Lobe
Caudal Part of the Left Cranial Lung Lobe
Caudal Lung Lobe
Bronchioles
Lined with smooth muscle
Involuntary
Bronchodilation
Relaxation of the bronchioles
Bronchoconstriction
Contraction of the bronchioles
Alveolar Sacs
Lined with simple squamous epithelium
Surrounded by yellow elastic connective tissue
Gas exchange occurs
Emphysema
A condition in which the alveolar sacs are damaged resulting in a decrease in pulmonary compliance
Tx: oxygen therapy - only adds O2 to system, does not help flush out expired CO2
Inhalaltion
Active process
Contraction of muscles - intercostal
Diaphragm is pulled caudally
Exhalation
Passive process
Muscles relax
Diaphragm is pulled cranially
Composition of air
O2 = 21% N2 = 79% CO2 = <1% (300ppm)
Acid/Base Balance
pH of blood - 7.4 +/- 0.02
Decrease CO2
2 organs involved - lungs and kidneys
Acid/Base Balance - Lungs
CO2 increased
decreased pH
K+ in blood
Acid/Base Balance - Kidneys
Increased H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
K+ in blood
Decreased HR
Pneumotaxic center
Measures CO2 levels
- increase CO2 = increase respiration
Tidal Volume
Formula: 10-15ml/kg
Amount of air contained in one entire breath (inhalation and expiration)
Minute Volume
Formula: Tidal volume x RR
Amount of air contained in one minutes worth of breathing
Gas Exchange - Capillary
Low in O2
- pO2: 40 mmHg
High in CO2
- pCO2: 46 mmHg
Gas Exchange - Alveoli
High in O2 - pO2: 100 mmHg Low in CO2 - pCO2: 40 mmHg Termed ETCO2 (End Tidal CO2) - partial pressure of CO2 at the end of an exhaled breath - normal: 35-45mmHg
Capnography
monitoring the concentration or partial pressure of CO2 in respirator gases 3 values - RR: 15-30 rpm - ETCO2: 35-45 mmHg - InCO2: 0-5 mmHg (inspiratory CO2)
Gas Transport - Oxygen
Almost all bound to hemoglobin in RBCs
Small amount in plasma
Arterial blood - 97%
Venous blood - 70%
Pulse Oximetry
% of Hb saturated with oxygen
- SpO2: saturated Hb with O2
Gas Exchange - Carbon Dioxide
10% dissolved in plasma
20% combined with hemoglobin
70% transported as an ion
Respiratory Alkalosis
Decreased CO2, Decreased H2CO3, Increased pH
Caused by:
- Hyperventilation
- Iatrogenically during anesthesia
Respiratory Acidosis
Increased CO2, Increased H2CO3, Decreased pH, Increased K+, Decreased HR 3 Types: - Intrapleural - Intraalveolar - Misc
Intrapleural Causes of Respiratory Acidosis
AKA: atelectasis
Something extra in the pleural space
Pneumothorax
Presence of free air in the thorax