FINAL STUDY GUIDE (PT) Flashcards
1
Q
(blank) is an example of a catecholamine neurotransmitter and (blank) is an example of a parasympathetic chemical.
A
Epinephrine, Acetylcholine
2
Q
If an animal has lost the ability to swallow, they most likely have lost innervation from which cranial nerve?
A
IX
3
Q
Bells Palsy (a loss of the muscles of facial expression) will result from a loss of which cranial nerve’s function?
A
VII
4
Q
What are the effects of parasympathetic nervous system stimulation on the heart?
A
Decreased rate and decreased force of contraction
5
Q
The two ions that are actively pumped into and out of cells that result in the polarization of the cells
A
Sodium and Potassium
6
Q
Cerebrospinal fluid lies within the (blank)
A
Subarachnoid space
7
Q
The space between the nerve end and the sarcolemma of the muscle is called (blank)
A
Synaptic cleft
8
Q
What substance causes the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft?
A
Acetylcholinesterase
9
Q
What is one example of a posterior pituitary hormone?
A
Oxytocin
10
Q
The cranial nerves originate from the (blank)
A
Brainstem
11
Q
The vagus nerve is which cranial nerve?
A
X
12
Q
The cranial nerves are anatomically part of what system?
A
Peripheral nervous system
13
Q
An imbalance of what minerals can affect nerve function?
A
Sodium and Potassium
14
Q
When a stimulus is string enough to cause complete depolarization it has reached what?
A
Threshold
15
Q
Sensory nerves are considered what?
A
Afferent nerves
16
Q
Nerve fibers encased in a white sheath of fatty material are termed what?
A
Myelinated
17
Q
What are the layers of the meninges?
A
Dura mater
Pia mater
Arachnoid
18
Q
Dendrites
A
Branch like structures that conduct impulses toward the nerve cell body
19
Q
How many pairs of cranial nerves do dogs have?
A
12
20
Q
Outside of the brain and spinal cord, nerve cells bodies are usually found in clumps or aggregations called (blank)
A
Ganglia
21
Q
The presence of a myelin sheath on an axon tends to what?
A
Accelerate all impulses
22
Q
What cranial nerve carries impulses from the ear to the brain?
A
Acoustic (VIII)
23
Q
Which cranial nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the heart, lungs, stomach, and small intestine?
A
Vagus (X)
24
Q
Which cranial nerve conducts motor impulses to the tongue?
A
Hypoglossal (XII)
25
The autonomic nervous system is directly responsible for innervation of (blank)
Visceral organs
26
Cauda equina
The terminal part of the spinal cord
27
Which equine neurological disease is transmitted by sporocysts in opossum feces?
Equine Protozoal myelitis
28
What nuclei is not a part of the brainstem?
Body temperature regulation center
29
Which neurotransmitter has an inhibitory effect in the brain?
GABA
30
In order to re-establish the resting membrane potential, which process must take place?
Primary active transport (Na/K pump)
31
What four pairs of cranial nerves have both motor and sensory functions in the body?
Vagus
Facial
Trigemenial
Glossopharyngeal
32
If an animal present to your clinic and is dx with a ruptured intervertebral disc, what tx would be considered acceptable?
Corticosteroids
| Dorsal laminectomy
33
T/F: The Olfactory nerve (I) sends information to the neocortex of the brain involving memory.
True
34
T/F: The surgical treatment for a ruptured or herniated disk would be a dorsal laminectomy procedure.
True
35
T/F: If a patient is diagnosed as having a cerebral concussion, one potential drug of choice for the tx would be hydrocotisone.
True
36
Which cranial nerve has deglutition as it's motor function?
Glossopharyngeal
37
Ingestion of high fat meats (uncooked) resulting in an increase in temperature and a painful abdomen will most likely result in which condition?
Acute panreatitis
38
Intussusception
A telescoping of the intestines
39
The digestive system of herbivores...
Contains an enlarged microbial fermentation vat
40
Abomasum
The true stomach of the ruminant
41
Reticulum
The ruminant forestomach that dehydrates and grinds feed
42
The process or structure in a newborn ruminant animal that allows milk to bypass the rumen and reticulum and go directly to the omasum
Esophageal groove
43
Villi are prominent in the lining of what structure?
Small intestine
44
Mastication
Chewing food
45
In which animal is microbial fermentation most important in the digestive process?
Horse
46
Eructation
The periodic elimination of excess gas from the ruminant forestomach
47
Which cranial nerve mediates the sense of small?
Olfactory
48
What nerve (one of the longest in the body) supplies parasympathetic nerve fibers to the heart and lungs and to nearly all of the abdominal viscera?
Vagus
49
What is not a normal function of the liver in an adult animal?
Blood cell formation
50
What is not secreted by gastric glands
Chyme
51
Serosa
The outermost layer of the digestive tube
52
Cecum
The blind-ended sac that is part of the large intestine
53
The crown of the tooth is covered by (blank)
Enamel
54
What is not a main function of the digestive system?
Secretion
55
What structure divides the rostral part of the pharynx into the oropharynx and nasopharynx?
Soft palate
56
The connecting peritoneum that suspends the intestinal tract from the abdominal wall and contains vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that supply their respective organs.
Mesentery
57
What organ is located immediately behind the diaphragm in the carnivore?
Liver
58
List the sections of the small intestine in order from anterior to posterior
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
59
The liver receives blood via what two different routes?
Hepatic artery and the portal veins
60
The two gastric sphincters of the canine
Cardiac and pyloric
61
Pylorus
The most distal portion of the monogastric stomach
62
Normal dentition patter for an adult cat
I 3/3, C1/1, PM 3/2, M 1/1
63
Yellow mucus membranes would suggest what?
Hepatic disease
64
Diseased caused by a lack of insulin or the body's inability to use insulin
Diabetes mellitus
65
Bile acids are importnant in the digestion of (blank)
Fats
66
A dog presents to your clinic with a tight, painful abdomen. They are diagnosed as having GDV. After getting the vital signs and collecting blood, what 3 things must you do in the first 15 minutes to stabilize the patient before taking the patient to surgery?
Radiographs
Trocharize
Pain medications
67
Digestive order as the food travels through the ascending colon of the equine from the cecum to the transverse colon
```
Colon
Right Ventral Colon
Sternal Flexure
Left Ventral Colon
Pelvic Flexure
Left Dorsal Colon
Diaphragmatic Flexure
Right Dorsal Colon
Transverse Colon
```
68
4 pairs of salivary glands
Parotid
Sublingual
Mendibular
Zygomatic
69
T/F: The omentum is the 3rd part of the ruminant forestomach and assists in transporting food to the abomasum
False
70
T/F: Tooth #204 in the modified tridan numbering system is also known as the right lower canine
True
71
T/F: The upper 1/3 of the esophagus is lined with skeletal muscle
True
72
T/F: The Kupffer cells are responsible for the breakdown of old RBC's in the liver
True
73
T/F: One of the main proteins produced by the liver is albumin which functions in the production of antibodies
False
74
Increased CO2 ---> Increased H2CO3 ---> (blank) pH ---> (blank) K+ ---> (blank) HR ---> respiratory (blank)
Decreased, increased, increased, acidosis
75
The common passageway for the respiratory and digestive systems is the (blank)
Pharynx
76
The epithelium lining the upper respiratory tract is (blank)
Pseudostratified columnar
77
Compared with blood entering the alveolar capillaries, air drawn into the alveoli of the lungs has (blank)
Lower pCO2 and higher pO2
78
When the diaphragm contracts
It increases the size of the thoracic cavity
79
The epithelium lining the alveoli is (blank)
Simple squamous
80
The transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood in the lungs is accomplished by (blank)
Diffusion
81
What is not a function of the respiratory system?
Mastication
82
The foramen ovale in the developing fetus allows blood to flow ...
From the right atrium to the left atrium
83
What are the effects of parasympathetic nervous system stimulation on the heart?
Decreased rate and decreased force of contraction
84
The first cardiac chamber that blood enters after returning from the lungs is (blank)
Left atrium
85
Blood that has returned to the heart through the cranial and caudal vena cavae first passes through what heart valve?
Tricuspid
86
The ductus arteriosus in the fetus joins the (blank) and (blank)
Aorta and pulmonary artery
87
Each cardiac cycle in a normal heart results from an impulse that is initiated in the (blank)
Sinoatrial node
88
The bundle of His is located in what part of the heart?
Interventricular septum
89
The circulatory system is lined by what kind of epithelium?
Simple squamous
90
Blood vessels that are the site of the transfer of nutrients between blood and tissues are the (blank)
Capillaries
91
The valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium during ventricular systole is the (blank)
Mitral
92
The normal heart ECG, the QRS complex corresponds to what portion of the cardiac cycle?
Ventricular systole
93
What artery carries deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary
94
Normal values for the following arterial blood pressure values:
Systolic
Diastolic
Mean
Systolic: 100-160 mmHg
Diastolic: 60-100 mmHg
Mean: 80-120 mmHg
95
Cardiac Output = (blank) X (blank)
HR X Stroke Volume
96
Trace a RBC through the heart from the Vena Cava to re-entering the systemic circulation to the body
```
Cranial/Caudal Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonic Valve
Pulmonary Artery
Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Bicuspid Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Valve
Aorta
```
97
Respiratory structures in the order through which air passes during exhalation
Bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nassal passages
98
Where is the diaphragm located?
Between the thorax and the abdomen
99
What structure is the pacemaker of the heart?
Sinoatrial node
100
The function of the red blood cell is to ...
Carry oxygen to the tissues
101
Foramen ovale
A hole between the cardiac atria that closes at birth in the mammal
102
Systole
Contraction of the atria and ventricles
103
Apnea will cause
Respiratory acidosis
104
In the healthy, awake cat the primary stimulus in the blood for respiration is ...
Increased CO2
105
The wave on an electrocardiogram that is associated with the atrial wall depolarization is the ...
P wave
106
In what order does the impulse for depolarization travel throughout the heart?
SA nose, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinjie fibers
107
A common site to take a pulse in an equine patient is the ...
Transverse facial artery
108
What artery could be used to help diagnose laminitis in a horse?
Digital arteries
109
T/F: A build up of fluid in the pericardial sac is known as pleural effusion
False
110
T/F: A patent ductus arteriosus surgery is considered to be an open heart surgery
False
111
(blank) is an example of a catecholamine neurotransmitter and (blank) is an example of a parasympathetic chemical
Epinephrine, Acetylcholine
112
The two ions that are actively pumped into and out of cells that result in the polarization of the cells are ...
Sodium and potassium
113
What nuclei is not a part of the brainstem?
Body temperature regulation center
114
What organ is located immediately behind the diaphragm in the carnivore?
Liver
