FINAL STUDY GUIDE (PT) Flashcards
(blank) is an example of a catecholamine neurotransmitter and (blank) is an example of a parasympathetic chemical.
Epinephrine, Acetylcholine
If an animal has lost the ability to swallow, they most likely have lost innervation from which cranial nerve?
IX
Bells Palsy (a loss of the muscles of facial expression) will result from a loss of which cranial nerve’s function?
VII
What are the effects of parasympathetic nervous system stimulation on the heart?
Decreased rate and decreased force of contraction
The two ions that are actively pumped into and out of cells that result in the polarization of the cells
Sodium and Potassium
Cerebrospinal fluid lies within the (blank)
Subarachnoid space
The space between the nerve end and the sarcolemma of the muscle is called (blank)
Synaptic cleft
What substance causes the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft?
Acetylcholinesterase
What is one example of a posterior pituitary hormone?
Oxytocin
The cranial nerves originate from the (blank)
Brainstem
The vagus nerve is which cranial nerve?
X
The cranial nerves are anatomically part of what system?
Peripheral nervous system
An imbalance of what minerals can affect nerve function?
Sodium and Potassium
When a stimulus is string enough to cause complete depolarization it has reached what?
Threshold
Sensory nerves are considered what?
Afferent nerves
Nerve fibers encased in a white sheath of fatty material are termed what?
Myelinated
What are the layers of the meninges?
Dura mater
Pia mater
Arachnoid
Dendrites
Branch like structures that conduct impulses toward the nerve cell body
How many pairs of cranial nerves do dogs have?
12
Outside of the brain and spinal cord, nerve cells bodies are usually found in clumps or aggregations called (blank)
Ganglia
The presence of a myelin sheath on an axon tends to what?
Accelerate all impulses
What cranial nerve carries impulses from the ear to the brain?
Acoustic (VIII)
Which cranial nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the heart, lungs, stomach, and small intestine?
Vagus (X)
Which cranial nerve conducts motor impulses to the tongue?
Hypoglossal (XII)
The autonomic nervous system is directly responsible for innervation of (blank)
Visceral organs
Cauda equina
The terminal part of the spinal cord
Which equine neurological disease is transmitted by sporocysts in opossum feces?
Equine Protozoal myelitis
What nuclei is not a part of the brainstem?
Body temperature regulation center
Which neurotransmitter has an inhibitory effect in the brain?
GABA
In order to re-establish the resting membrane potential, which process must take place?
Primary active transport (Na/K pump)
What four pairs of cranial nerves have both motor and sensory functions in the body?
Vagus
Facial
Trigemenial
Glossopharyngeal
If an animal present to your clinic and is dx with a ruptured intervertebral disc, what tx would be considered acceptable?
Corticosteroids
Dorsal laminectomy
T/F: The Olfactory nerve (I) sends information to the neocortex of the brain involving memory.
True
T/F: The surgical treatment for a ruptured or herniated disk would be a dorsal laminectomy procedure.
True
T/F: If a patient is diagnosed as having a cerebral concussion, one potential drug of choice for the tx would be hydrocotisone.
True
Which cranial nerve has deglutition as it’s motor function?
Glossopharyngeal
Ingestion of high fat meats (uncooked) resulting in an increase in temperature and a painful abdomen will most likely result in which condition?
Acute panreatitis
Intussusception
A telescoping of the intestines
The digestive system of herbivores…
Contains an enlarged microbial fermentation vat
Abomasum
The true stomach of the ruminant
Reticulum
The ruminant forestomach that dehydrates and grinds feed
The process or structure in a newborn ruminant animal that allows milk to bypass the rumen and reticulum and go directly to the omasum
Esophageal groove
Villi are prominent in the lining of what structure?
Small intestine
Mastication
Chewing food
In which animal is microbial fermentation most important in the digestive process?
Horse
Eructation
The periodic elimination of excess gas from the ruminant forestomach
Which cranial nerve mediates the sense of small?
Olfactory
What nerve (one of the longest in the body) supplies parasympathetic nerve fibers to the heart and lungs and to nearly all of the abdominal viscera?
Vagus
What is not a normal function of the liver in an adult animal?
Blood cell formation
What is not secreted by gastric glands
Chyme
Serosa
The outermost layer of the digestive tube
Cecum
The blind-ended sac that is part of the large intestine
The crown of the tooth is covered by (blank)
Enamel
What is not a main function of the digestive system?
Secretion
What structure divides the rostral part of the pharynx into the oropharynx and nasopharynx?
Soft palate
The connecting peritoneum that suspends the intestinal tract from the abdominal wall and contains vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that supply their respective organs.
Mesentery
What organ is located immediately behind the diaphragm in the carnivore?
Liver
List the sections of the small intestine in order from anterior to posterior
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
The liver receives blood via what two different routes?
Hepatic artery and the portal veins
The two gastric sphincters of the canine
Cardiac and pyloric
Pylorus
The most distal portion of the monogastric stomach
Normal dentition patter for an adult cat
I 3/3, C1/1, PM 3/2, M 1/1
Yellow mucus membranes would suggest what?
Hepatic disease
Diseased caused by a lack of insulin or the body’s inability to use insulin
Diabetes mellitus
Bile acids are importnant in the digestion of (blank)
Fats
A dog presents to your clinic with a tight, painful abdomen. They are diagnosed as having GDV. After getting the vital signs and collecting blood, what 3 things must you do in the first 15 minutes to stabilize the patient before taking the patient to surgery?
Radiographs
Trocharize
Pain medications
Digestive order as the food travels through the ascending colon of the equine from the cecum to the transverse colon
Colon Right Ventral Colon Sternal Flexure Left Ventral Colon Pelvic Flexure Left Dorsal Colon Diaphragmatic Flexure Right Dorsal Colon Transverse Colon
4 pairs of salivary glands
Parotid
Sublingual
Mendibular
Zygomatic
T/F: The omentum is the 3rd part of the ruminant forestomach and assists in transporting food to the abomasum
False
T/F: Tooth #204 in the modified tridan numbering system is also known as the right lower canine
True
T/F: The upper 1/3 of the esophagus is lined with skeletal muscle
True
T/F: The Kupffer cells are responsible for the breakdown of old RBC’s in the liver
True
T/F: One of the main proteins produced by the liver is albumin which functions in the production of antibodies
False
Increased CO2 —> Increased H2CO3 —> (blank) pH —> (blank) K+ —> (blank) HR —> respiratory (blank)
Decreased, increased, increased, acidosis
The common passageway for the respiratory and digestive systems is the (blank)
Pharynx
The epithelium lining the upper respiratory tract is (blank)
Pseudostratified columnar
Compared with blood entering the alveolar capillaries, air drawn into the alveoli of the lungs has (blank)
Lower pCO2 and higher pO2
When the diaphragm contracts
It increases the size of the thoracic cavity
The epithelium lining the alveoli is (blank)
Simple squamous
The transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood in the lungs is accomplished by (blank)
Diffusion
What is not a function of the respiratory system?
Mastication
The foramen ovale in the developing fetus allows blood to flow …
From the right atrium to the left atrium
What are the effects of parasympathetic nervous system stimulation on the heart?
Decreased rate and decreased force of contraction
The first cardiac chamber that blood enters after returning from the lungs is (blank)
Left atrium
Blood that has returned to the heart through the cranial and caudal vena cavae first passes through what heart valve?
Tricuspid
The ductus arteriosus in the fetus joins the (blank) and (blank)
Aorta and pulmonary artery
Each cardiac cycle in a normal heart results from an impulse that is initiated in the (blank)
Sinoatrial node
The bundle of His is located in what part of the heart?
Interventricular septum
The circulatory system is lined by what kind of epithelium?
Simple squamous
Blood vessels that are the site of the transfer of nutrients between blood and tissues are the (blank)
Capillaries
The valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium during ventricular systole is the (blank)
Mitral
The normal heart ECG, the QRS complex corresponds to what portion of the cardiac cycle?
Ventricular systole
What artery carries deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary
Normal values for the following arterial blood pressure values:
Systolic
Diastolic
Mean
Systolic: 100-160 mmHg
Diastolic: 60-100 mmHg
Mean: 80-120 mmHg
Cardiac Output = (blank) X (blank)
HR X Stroke Volume
Trace a RBC through the heart from the Vena Cava to re-entering the systemic circulation to the body
Cranial/Caudal Vena Cava Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Right Ventricle Pulmonic Valve Pulmonary Artery Lungs Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Bicuspid Valve Left Ventricle Aortic Valve Aorta
Respiratory structures in the order through which air passes during exhalation
Bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nassal passages
Where is the diaphragm located?
Between the thorax and the abdomen
What structure is the pacemaker of the heart?
Sinoatrial node
The function of the red blood cell is to …
Carry oxygen to the tissues
Foramen ovale
A hole between the cardiac atria that closes at birth in the mammal
Systole
Contraction of the atria and ventricles
Apnea will cause
Respiratory acidosis
In the healthy, awake cat the primary stimulus in the blood for respiration is …
Increased CO2
The wave on an electrocardiogram that is associated with the atrial wall depolarization is the …
P wave
In what order does the impulse for depolarization travel throughout the heart?
SA nose, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinjie fibers
A common site to take a pulse in an equine patient is the …
Transverse facial artery
What artery could be used to help diagnose laminitis in a horse?
Digital arteries
T/F: A build up of fluid in the pericardial sac is known as pleural effusion
False
T/F: A patent ductus arteriosus surgery is considered to be an open heart surgery
False
(blank) is an example of a catecholamine neurotransmitter and (blank) is an example of a parasympathetic chemical
Epinephrine, Acetylcholine
The two ions that are actively pumped into and out of cells that result in the polarization of the cells are …
Sodium and potassium
What nuclei is not a part of the brainstem?
Body temperature regulation center
What organ is located immediately behind the diaphragm in the carnivore?
Liver
