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Histology Unit 4 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Air Conduction
  2. Air Filtration
  3. Gas Exchange
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2
Q

What is a major function of the larynx?

A

Produces speech

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3
Q

What is a major function of the olfactory mucosa?

A

Stimulates smell

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4
Q

What are the three things air filtration does?

A
  1. Warm the air
  2. Moisten the air
  3. remove particulate materials
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5
Q

How do mucosal and serous secretions warm the air?

A

The air comes in close contact with the abundant capillary system beneath the epithelium which brings the air to body temperature

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6
Q

What tissue type makes up the respiratory epithelium? What specialized cell type is abundant?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Abundant goblet and seromucous cells

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7
Q

Which parts of the respiratory system fall under the conduction portion? (7)

A 
Nasal Cavity
Nasopharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
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8
Q

Which parts of the respiratory system fall under the respiratory portion (as opposed to conduction)?

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli
Alveolar Sacs

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9
Q

What is the pathway of air from the nasal cavity to the alveolar sacs?

A

Nasal Cavity > Nasopharynx / Oralpharynx > Larynx > Trachea > Bronchi > Bronchioles > Terminal bronchioles > respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveoli > alveolar sacs

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10
Q

What are the three regions of the nasal cavity?

A
  1. Nasal vestibule
  2. Respiratory region
  3. Olfactory region
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11
Q

What is the specialized characteristic of the nasal vestibule?

A

Nairs

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12
Q

The _____ region makes up the inferior 2/3 of the nasal cavity and the _______ region makes up the superior 1/3

A

Respiratory Region

Olfactory Region

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13
Q

What separates the nasal cavity into the respiratory and olfactory regions? It is a mixture of what two tissue types?

A

Nasal Septum

A mixture of hyaline cartilage and bone

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14
Q

What epithelium is found in the nasal vestibule? What 2 specialized glands are abundant? What other characteristic is important for filtration?

A

Stratified Squamous
1. Sebaceous glands
2. Sweat glands
Vibrissae = blunt hairs

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15
Q

What is the lateral conchae? What is its function (3)? Where is it found?

A

Found in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity
It is a boney structure lined with respiratory epithelium
Acts as turbinates: warm, filter, and moisten the air

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16
Q

How does the design of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity facilitate the warming of air?

A

The extensive capillary system in the lamina propria of the lateral conchae help bring the air to body temperature

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17
Q

What are brush cells? In what tissue type do we find them?

A

Have blunt microvilli with sensory function that synapse with neurons on the basal lamina
Found in respiratory and olfactory epithelium

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18
Q

What are basal cells? In what tissue type do we find them?

A

Stem cells that give rise to other cell types
Found in the basal lamina of respiratory epithelium, it gives it the pseudostratified appearance
Also found in the olfactory epithelium

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19
Q

What do small granule cells do? In what tissue type do we find them?

A

Response to O2 conditions in the environment and release hormones
Found in respiratory epithelium

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20
Q

What are the four cell types found in the olfactory epithelium?

A
  1. Olfactory receptor cells
  2. Supporting Cells
  3. Basal Cells
  4. Brush Cells
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21
Q

What type of epithelium does the olfactory region of the nasal cavity have?

A

Specialized olfactory epithelium

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22
Q

What type of gland does the olfactory regions of the nasal cavity have?

A

Olfactory (Bowman’s) Glands

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23
Q

What do olfactory (bowman’s) glands make? What is its function?

A

Make water and secretions

Solubalize olfactants and rinse out old olfactants

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24
Q

What do olfactory receptor cells look like? Do they extend all the way through the olfactory epithelium?

A

Olfactory receptor cells extend all the way through the epithelium. They have a long projection with cilia on the end that extend into the nasal cavity to capture olfactants. Then it transports those olfactants across the epithelium and distributes them onto olfactory neurons,

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25
What are the two functions of supporting / sustentacular cells in the olfactory epithelium?
1. Provide mechanical support to the ORC (olfactory receptor cell - specifically the apical most region) 2. Provide nutritional support to the ORC
26
What is the function of basal cells in the olfactory epithelium? Are they located on the apical or basement membrane?
Make olfactory binding protein | Located in the basement membrane
27
What does olfactory binding protein do?
Acts as a scaffold for olfactants to bind to in order to be brought to ORC
28
What is the function of brush cells in the olfactory epithelium?
Sensory functions
29
How can there be only 350 olfactory receptors but 100,000 different smells?
Olfactants create weak/strong signals and that strength helps determine the smell
30
What is the polarity of olfactory neurons?
Bipolar
31
What 4 things does the olfactory neuron pass through to synapse with the olfactant?
Ethmoid bone Dura Mater Arachnoid Pia Mater
32
What is a very general path that goes from olfactanct to AP being sent toward the brain?
???
33
What is the function of the pharynx? (3)
1. Connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus 2. Passageway for air and food 3. Resonating chamber for speech
34
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Epiglottis prevents food/water from entering the larynx
35
What are the two main functions of the larynx?
1. Passageway for air between oropharynx and trachea | 2. Produces sound
36
What does the laryngeal cartilage of the larynx do? (2)
In work with the internal skeletal muscle changes the shape of the vocal cords In work with the external skeletal muscle does coughing and swallowing
37
What is the function of the hyaline cartilage in the laryngeal cartilage? What about the elastic cartilage?
The hyaline cartilage helps maintain the larynx in its open state since the larynx lacks bone Elastic cartilage helps with recoil forces
38
What two components make up the laryngeal folds?
1. Ventricular fold | 2. True vocal cords
39
What are the ventricular folds in the larynx also known as?
False vocal cords
40
What kind of tissue are the true vocal cords made of? Why is this important?
Stratified squamous epithelium | Important because of the mechanical force and abrasion put experienced
41
What are the two functions of the trachea?
1. Conduit for air | 2. Conditions inspired air
42
What is found on the ventral regions of the trachea?
C rings made of hyaline cartilage
43
What is found on the dorsal region of the trachea?
Trachyalous muscle which is smooth muscle
44
What is the mucosa of the trachea composed of?
Respiratory epithelium with a thick basement membrane
45
What is modifying feature is abundant in the submucosa of the trachea?
Serous glands
46
What does the adventitia of the trachea attach to?
Esophagus
47
Talk me through the bronchial tree starting at the trachea
Trachea > 2 main bronchi > lobar bronchi > bronchioles > terminal bronchioles > respiratory bronchioles
48
What is the difference between bronchi and bronchioles?
Bronchi have smooth muscle | Bronchioles do not have smooth muscle, they do have increased reticular and elastic fibers
49
What part of the bronchial tree is the extrapulmonary?
2 main bronchi
50
What part of the bronchial tree is the conduction portion of the respiratory system?
Trachea > primary bronchi > lobar bonchi > small bronchi > terminal bronchioles
51
What does the mucosa of bronchi look like?
Ciliated, columnar with numerous goblet cells
52
What is the trend in smooth muscle size and bronchi?
Smooth muscle attenuates as bronchi get smaller
53
How is the cartilage around bronchi arranged? How does this change as bronchi get smaller?
Discontinuous plates of cartilage | As bronchi decrease in size, cartilage decreases
54
What type of glands are in the submucosa of bronchi?
Serous glands
55
What is the smooth muscle surrounding bronchi responsible for? What part of the NS controls the muscle?
Controls dilation and contraction based on the autonomous NS
56
Bronchioles; diameter size? cartilage? glands? goblet cells?
less than 1 mm in diameter no cartilage no glands scattered goblet cells
57
How does the epithelium differ in bronchioles compared to bronchi?
Bronchioles have more simple cuboidal
58
What are the physical characteristics of clara cells?
Dome shaped cells, lack cillia, buldge out of epitheliuem
59
What is the function of Clara cells?
Make CC16 which reduces surface tension and creates a slick surface so the sides of the bronchioles don't stick together
60
Why is it important to reduce surface tension in bronchi?
Without a reduction in surface tension, the lungs would collapse when empty
61
Where are clara cells found?
epithelium of bronchioles
62
What are the physical characteristics of alveolar macrophages? What is their function?
Dark yellow/brown stain | Phagocytose debris in the lower respiratory system
63
Talk me from terminal bronchioles through the respiratory portion of the bronchial tree
Respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveolar sacs > alveoli > capillary network > pulmonary venule > pulmonary vein
64
What do we see at the transition from conducting to respiratory portions of the bronchial tree?
The respiratory wall has small spaces and Clara cells
65
What two cell types are the alveolar ducts composed of?
1. Type I alveolar cells | 2. Type II alveolar cells
66
What is the function of Type I alveolar cells?
Form majority of the lining of alveolus and alveolar sac
67
What is the function of Type II alveolar cells?
Manufacture surfactant
68
What transition do we see from respiratory bronchioles to the alveolar ducts?
Transition from simple columnar/cuboidal to alveoli cells
69
What are the three places alveoli are present?
Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar Ducts Alveolar Sacs
70
What is the interalveolar septa?
Structure between alveoli | forms air-blood barrier
71
What forms the air blood barrier?
Interalveolar septa
72
What are the three layers of the air-blood barrier?
1. Then layer of surfactant 2. Type I epithelial cell + basal lamina 3. Capillary endothelial cell + basal lamina
73
Are the epithelial cells of the air-blood barrier tall or short?
Very short/flattened to allow for gas exchange
74
Which alveolar type is thicker I or II? Why?
Type II Alveolar Cells | They have lamellar bodies and release surfactant
75
Which alveolar cells are found in the inner septum? Which are found on the septal junctions?
Type I are found on the inner, thin region of the septum | Type II are found on the thicker, septal junctions
76
What do the lamellar bodies of type II alveolar cells contain? What is their primary function?
A mixture of phospholipids, neutral lipids, and proteins | This forms surfactant
77
Type I alveolar cells arise from what cell type?
progenitor cells
78
During what time in your life is surfactant produced?
Late gustation
79
What is respiratory distress syndrome? What is the cause? What are the symptoms? How can we prevent it?
Respiratory distress syndrome occurs when a baby is born before 35-week gestation, which means surfactants is not being made yet This leads to a thicker inner alveolar septum which leads to decreased gas exchange, decreased compliance, and elasticity, and the alveolar septum are poorly vascularized If it is known that the baby will deliver before 35-weeks it can be given steroids to induce production of surfactant
80
Which artery provides deoxygenated blood to alveoli?
Pulmonary Artery
81
Which artery provides oxygenated blood to the lung?
Bronchial Artery
82
What do lymphatic vessels in the lung do? (2)
1. Drain parenchyma of the lung | 2. Drain surface of the lung
83
What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
Progressive respiratory disease that is irreversiabel
84
What is an example of COPD we discussed in lecture?
Emphysema
85
What are the two types of Emphysema?
1. Centracinar | 2. Panacinar
86
What is centriacinar emphysema?
A type of COPD Frequent irritation caused by smoking or pollutants > the continual release of elastase > decrease of antitrypsin > destruction of elastic fibers > affects the walls of the respiratory bronchioles only
87
What is panacinar emphysema?
A type of COPD Genetic mutation in antitrypsin > increased elastase > affects walls of respiratory bronchioles, walls of alveolar ducts, and walls of alveoli
88
What is the entire mechanism of action of emphysema? (Starting with an irritant in the lungs). Comment on where this mechanism breaks down in Panacinar and Centracinar Emphysema
Irrantent in lungs > neutrophil recruitment > release of elastase into alveolar lumen > serum antitrypsin neutralized elastase to prevent it from destroying alveolar wall since the walls are only made of elastic fibers ( no hyaline cartilage) If there is no antitrypsin = destruction of all walls that are reliant on elastic fibers (Panacinar emphysema) If there is an excess of elastance due to constant irritation = destruction of respiratory bronchiole walls where the imbalance is occurring (centracinar emphysema)
89
What is cystic fibrosis? What is the cause? Symptoms?
Defect in cloride channels > no cl- leaving the cells > no water leaves the cells > cement-like mucosa > immotile cilia The cement-like mucosa traps bacteria and also can't move it away> helping it to expand in number > makes people with CF more prone to bacterial infactions
90
What cells are affected by CF?
Any cells with chloride channels | ex) pancreas, seromucosa glands, respiratory epithelium

Histology Unit 4 (5 decks)

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