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Histology Unit 4 > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the immune system?

A

Innate Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

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2
Q

Does the innate system respond first or second? What types of cells are a part of innate immunity? What does it do?

A

1st responder
Basophiles, esosinophiles, neutrophiles, macrophages
Phagocytosis, complement, inflammation

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3
Q

Does the adaptive system respond first or second? What types of cells are a part of adaptive immunity? What does it do?

A

2nd Response
B cells, T cells, NK cells
Target the specific pathogen

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4
Q

What is a humoral response? Which cells are acting? Is the response concentrated? Is it part of innate or adaptive immunity?

A

B cells secrete antibodies
Antibodies can travel to distant locations
Part of the adaptive immunity

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5
Q

What is a cell-mediated response? Which cells are acting? Is the response concentrated? Is it part of innate or adaptive immunity?

A

T cells, specifically CD4+ and CD8+
Requires direct contact
Part of the adaptive immunity

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6
Q

What is an antigen?

A

something that induces an immune response

any ligand recognized by B and T cells

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7
Q

What are the two fates of a B cell after activation?

A
  1. Plasma Cell - pump antibodies

2. Memory Cell

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8
Q

What are the 5 isotypes of antibodies? What are their functions?

A
  1. IgM - Primary response
  2. IgG - Secondary response
  3. IgA - Body Secretions
  4. IgE - Parasitic infections, allergies, hypersensitivities
  5. IgD - unknown
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9
Q

What is class switching?

A

Antibodies start as IgM and can then class switch to IgG, IgA, IgE by changing the heavy chain of the BCR

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10
Q

What are the five functions humoral immunity does to help defeat the pathogen?

A
  1. Neutralization
  2. Opsonization
  3. Oxidation
  4. Agglutination
  5. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
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11
Q

What is neutralization? How does it work?

A

Antibodies bind to the pathogen and neutralize it
Two methods:
1. Prevents toxins ability to act
2. Block attachment site = can’t enter into host cells

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12
Q

What is opsonization?

A

The antibodies coat the pathogen making it easier for the pathogen to by phagocytosed

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13
Q

What is oxidation? (In regards to humoral immunity)

A

Antibodies activate ROS production, the build-up of ROS kills the pathogen

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14
Q

What is agglutination? When does it occur?

A

Antibodies and the foreign cells clump together to form an immune complex
Occurs during miss-match blood transfusions

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15
Q

What is the process of Cell-Mediated immunity?

A

Antigen-presenting cell (usually a dendritic cell) presents the antigen to the T-cell > T cell become activated > differentiation > proliferation

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16
Q

What are the two fates of an activated T cell?

A
  1. Memory

2. Join the effector pool (Th, Tfh, Tc, etc)

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17
Q

What is an epitope?

A

Part of the pathogen that can be bound to

It can be processed and presented by antigen-presenting cells

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18
Q

What causes swollen lymph nodes during times of infection?

A

T cells recognize antigen in secondary lymphatic leading to massive proliferation and differentiation

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19
Q

What is a lymph node? What shape does it have? What is its function?

A

Kidney shaped thing part of the immune system

Filter lymph, cite of development for T and B cells

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20
Q

What about the vasculature of the lymph nodes aids it in filtering the lymph?

A

There are multiple afferent tubules, but only one efferent tubule
This creates a bottleneck, cause the lymph to move through more slowly

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21
Q

What does the CD8+ T cell do once it is activated?

A

CD8+ T cell checks cells > recognized antigen and MHC > releases porfin > creates a pore in the cell > releases granzymes into the pore > death of the infected cell

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22
Q

What is lymph (2)?

A
  1. Excess interstitial fluid

2. large, foreign debris

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23
Q

What is the thymus? Where is it located? Does B or T cell maturation happen here?

A

Primary Lymphatic organ
Above the heart
T cell maturation (T - Thymus)

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24
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

In the bone marrow

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25
Q

What three regions of the body do lymph nodes concentrate around?

A
  1. Groin
  2. Axillary
  3. Cervical Region
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26
Q

What is the main function of the spleen?

A

Removes aged and dying RBC

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27
Q

What is the main function of tonsils?

A

Form ring of protection around the oral pharynx

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28
Q

What does the diffuse lymphatic tissue consist of?

A
  1. MALT (GALT and BALT)

2. Lymphatic nodules

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29
Q

What is MALT?

A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

Immune cells in the lamina propria

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30
Q

What are lymphatic nodules?

A

Unencapsulated aggregates of immune cells

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31
Q 
Which of the following lymphoid organs are primary? Secondary? 
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Tonsils
Thymus 
Bone Marrow
A

Primary: thymus, bone marrow
Secondary: lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

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32
Q

Where does B cell development take place?

A

In the bone marrow

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33
Q

What are the characteristics of diffuse lymphatic tissue? What is its function?

A

Not enclosed by a capsule
Enriched in alimentary canal, respiratory passages, and genitourinary tract
Site of initial immune response

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34
Q

What types of cells are enriched in MALT?

A

Lymphocytes, Eosinophils, Mast cells, Macrophages

35
Q

What are the two major features of lymphatic nodules?

A
  1. Germinal Center

2. Corona

36
Q

What occurs in the germinal centers of lymphatic nodules? How does it stain? Why?

A

Site of lymphocyte activation and clonal expansion

Stains lighter due to cells increasing in size and thus having more cytoplasm

37
Q

What occurs in the corona of lymphatic nodules? How does it stain? Why?

A

Site of small lymphocytes (storage)

Stains more densely due to packed lymphocytes

38
Q

What are the three tonsils? Where are they located?

A
  1. Lingual tonsils: posterior 1/3 of the tongue
  2. Pharyngeal tonsils: nasal cavity
  3. Palatine tonsils: sides of the throat
39
Q

What cell type composed the palatine tonsils?

A

Stratified Squamous

LCT directly below epithelium - not always clearly visible

40
Q

What are tonsillar crypts? What is their function?

A

Crevices in tonsils

Important for catching food/particles/debris in order to bring them into proximity with immune cells

41
Q

What is the hilum region of lymph nodes?

A

Place where efferent lymph vessels leave and entry/exit for arteries and veins

42
Q

The sinuses create a meshwork of ________ which is very important for filtration through the lymph nodes

A

Reticular Fibers

43
Q

What is the order that lymph flows through the lymph node? (include the 3 different sinus types)

A
  1. Subcapsular Sinus
  2. Trabecular Sinuses
  3. Cortex
  4. Paracortex
  5. Medullary Sinuses
  6. Efferent exit
44
Q

What type of tissue is the capsule of the lymph node made of? What does it surround?

A

DCT

Surrounds node

45
Q

What type of tissue are the trabeculae of the lymph node made of? What does it form? What does it deliver?

A

DCT
Forms framework
Delivers blood vessels and nerves

46
Q

What does reticular tissue form in the lymph node? What are its two functions?

A

Reticular tissue = reticular cells, reticular fibers (Type III collagen)

  1. filters lymph
  2. Attracts T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells AND acts as an attachment point
47
Q

What is the primary site of B cell germination?

A

the cortex of the lymph nodes

48
Q

What is the primary site of T cells?

A

paracortex (deep cortex) of the lymph nodes

49
Q

What are HEVs? Where are they located?

A

HEV = High Endothelial Venuels - entrance point for 90% of lymphocytes
Located in the para/deep cortex

50
Q

What can be found in the medulla of the lymph nodes?

A

Irregular lymphatic/medullary chords separated by medullary sinuses

51
Q

What are medullary chords? Medullary sinuses?

A

Medullary chords = reticular fibers with macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells attached
Medullary sinuses = in between the medullary chords, where the lymph drains

52
Q

What tissue type do you find around the HEV?

A

Simple cuboidal / simple columnar

Absorb large amounts of fluid

53
Q

What do AQ1 do for HEVs?

A

Facilitate absorption of fluid from lymph

54
Q

What two processes do T cells undergo in the thymus?

A
  1. Positive selection - is it functional?

2. Negative selection - does it respond to self?

55
Q

When is the thymus most active? How does it change in size throughout your life?

A

Most active shortly after birth

Involutes (gets smaller?) once you hit puberty and is replaced with adipose tissue

56
Q

What are the four structures that make up the thymus?

A
  1. Capsule - thin CT
  2. Trabeculae - CT
  3. Cortex
  4. Medulla
57
Q

What does each lobule of the thymus have? (2)

A
  1. Cortex

2. Medulla

58
Q

What cell types are in the cortex of the thymus? How does it stain?

A

Outer region
Small thymocytes
Stains dark because of small amount of cytoplasm

59
Q

What cell type is in the medulla of the thymus? what other structure can you find there? how does it stain?

A

Inner region
Large thymocytes
Thymic (Hassall’s) Corpuscle
Stains lighter because larger cytoplasm

60
Q

What do Hassall’s / thymic corpuscles look like? Where are they located? What is their function?

A

Large pink structures
Located in the medulla of the thymus
Produce cytokines

61
Q

What is the function of the blood-thymus barrier?

A

Protects developing lymphocytes from exposure to antigens

Don’t want premature exposure

62
Q

What are the three layers to the blood-thymus barrier?

A
  1. Capillary epithelium - continuous with tight junctions reinforced by pericytes
  2. Perivascular CT with macrophages (engulf anything that might get through)
  3. Epithelioreticular Cells - create a wall that surrounds CT
63
Q

What is thymic education?

A

T cells come from the BM > enter the thymus through post-capillary venules in medulla > traffic upwards to cortex > positive selection (presented by type II epithelial cells = dendritic cells) > pass positive selection = pass-through type III and IV epithelial cells > medulla > negative selection (presented self-antigen by V epithelial cells) > pass neg selection = exit and traffic to the site of infection

64
Q

What happens if the T cell fails positive selection?

A

Apoptosis

65
Q

What happens if the T cell fails negative selection?

A

Apoptosis

66
Q

What do type VI epithelial cells form in the thymus?

A

Form a lamellar structure that gives an eosinophil stain

67
Q

What would be the outcome if negative selection fails?

A

Autoimmune disease

68
Q

What are the two functions of the spleen?

A
  1. Filters Blood

2. Performs Immune Functions

69
Q

What are the two things the spleen removes from the blood? Where does the blood enter from?

A

Senescent (dying) RBC
Microbes
Splenic artery

70
Q

What two immune functions does the spleen serve?

A
  1. Antigen presentation by APCs

2. Production of antibodies

71
Q

The spleen in enclosed by a __________ and trabeculaie containing ________

A

Dense CT capsule

Myofibroblasts

72
Q

What is the function of myofibroblasts in the spleen?

A

Have the potential to contract to cause the spleen to act like a sponge and expel all the blood out

73
Q

What are the two regions of the spleen?

A

Red Pulp Region

White Pulp Region

74
Q

What is the in red pulp region of the spleen (3)? Does it take up the majority of space? How does it stain?

A

Red Pulp region has: RBC, sinusoidal capillaries = splenic sinuses, splenic chords
The vast majority of spleen
Stains eosinophilic

75
Q

What are splenic sinuses?

A

Discontinuous sinusoidal capillaries in the red pulp region of the spleen

76
Q

What are splenic chords?

A

Reticular fibers which serve for an attachment point for macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells in the red pulp region of the spleen

77
Q

Why are B cells attached to the splenic chords in the spleen?

A

They are positioned close to the splenic sinuses so they can pump antibodies into the capillary

78
Q

Why are macrophages attached to the splenic chords in the spleen?

A

Positioned close to the splenic sinuses so they can engulf RBC and microbes

79
Q

What is in the white pulp region of the spleen? How much space does it take up? How does it stain?

A

B cells, T cells, central artery, PALS, germinal center
Minority of space
Basophilic Stain

80
Q

What is PALS?

A

Periarterial lymphatic sheath

When B and T cells exit from the arteriole they form a sheath

81
Q

What is the central artery in the white pulp region really?

A

Arteriole of the splenic artery

82
Q

What is the matrix region in the spleen? What kinds of cells do you find here?

A

Creates a border between white and red pulp regions

T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages

83
Q

If lymphocytes become activated in the spleen they move off to the side to form a _________

A

Lymphatic nodule with a germinal center

Histology Unit 4 (5 decks)

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