Respiratory System 1-3 Flashcards
what are the requirements of speech production?
-source of energy
-vibrating element
-resonator
what are the 5 types of vertebrae?
Cervical – 7
Thoracic – 12
Lumbar – 5
Sacral – 5 (fused)
Coccyx – 3 or 4 (usually fused by adulthood)
Thorax contains what? and what is the function?
Skeletal thorax (a.k.a. Rib cage)
-Thoracic vertebrae
-Ribs
-Sternum
Houses viscera
Protects and supports respiratory function
How many true ribs are there?
True ribs (1-7)
Connect to the sternum via costal cartilages
how manby false ribs are there?
False ribs (8, 9, and 10)
Connect to the 7th rib via costal arch
how many floating ribs are there?
Floating ribs (11 and 12)
Do not attach to the front of the thorax
What are the parts of the sternum and the function?
Manubrium
Body (corpus)
Xiphoid process
Function:
Attachment for muscles and cartilages of the thorax
what subsystems provides the source of energy for speech?
laryngeal
what are the 3 airway structures?
- Upper respiratory tract: filters, warms, and moistens air
2.Conducting Airways - Lungs
what consists of the upper respiratory tract?
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Pharyngeal cavity
what consists of conducting airways?
Larynx: can open or close the airway, so protects the airway
Trachea
Bronchi
Alveoli
What is the key information about the trachea?
Semi-rigid tube
16-20 c-shaped cartilages
Extends: 6th cervical vertebrae - 4 or 5th thoracic vertebrae
Posterior membranous wall: esophagus
Splits at the bottom to form the main stem bronchi
what are the key points of the bronchi?
Tubes from trachea to lungs
-Right main bronchus is larger, shorter, and more in direct line with the trachea because feeds the larger lung
—–Foreign objects are more likely to enter the right bronchus than the left
-Continue to divide many times until very small
-Last division forms the terminal bronchioles which communicate directly with the air sacs (alveoli) of the lung
what are the key points of the alveoli?
Small depressions in the terminal bronchioles and associated air sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between air and blood
T/F The posterior wall of the trachea is attached to the anterior wall of the esophagus.
true
What are the two types of Pleaura?
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
what is pleural space? and is it positive or negative?
Intrapleural pressure is negative
what is pleural linkage?
Lungs are attached to the thorax via pleural pressure
-Negative pressure in pleural space
Forces exerted on the thorax will move the lungs
Muscles of respiration work on the thorax and abdomen, causing the amount of air in the lungs (volume) to change
what does the viseral pleura cover?
Visceral pleura covers the outside of the internal organs
what does the parietal pleura cover?
The parietal pleura covers the inside of the chest and abdomen
is pleura sucked together as a result of the negative pressure in the pleura space?
yes
what does pleura pressure connect the lungs to?
thorax- lung-thorax unit
Pleural Pressure Couples the lungs to the thorax so they move as a unit? T/F
true
what is pressure?
Pressure: force per unit area
T/F gas has pressure
true
what are characteristics of pressure?
Air molecules move and collide into one another and the walls of the container they are in
Air pressure = the sum of the forces of collision divided by the area of the container’s walls
The zero
what is atmospheric pressure?
pressure in the atmosphere
what is alveolar pressure?
pressure within the lungs
what is pleural pressure?
pressure within the pleural space
what are pressure relationships?
Atmospheric pressure is given value of 0
Pressure which is less than atmospheric pressure is called negative pressure
Pressure which is greater than atmospheric is called positive pressure
What is volume?
Can think of this as the capacity of a container or a measure of what is in a container, like the lungs
What is Boyles Law?
volume is inversely proportional to pressure ( you aren’t changing the volume but as you change the size of the container you change the pressure)
-Increase pressure by compressing the gas into a smaller volume
-Decrease pressure by increasing container volume
What are the 2 components to respiration?
inhalation and exhalation
What is inhalation?
Air flows from atmosphere into the lungs
That tells you our lung pressure is negative
What is Exhalation?
Air flows from the lungs to the atmosphere
That tells you our alevlor pressure (lung pressure) is positive
What drives respiration airflow?
Pressure difference from within the lungs to the atmosphere
What is airflow?
Volume change over time
Gas flows from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure
Airflow is proportional to pressure differential
Increase in pressure differential =increase in airflow
What is inpiration?
Increase space in the lungs – decreased pressure in lungs – air flows from atmosphere into the lungs
what is expiration?
Expiration
Decrease space in the lungs – increased pressure in the lungs – air flows from the lungs into the atmosphere
What are the 3 changes in the dimensions of the lungs?
-superior-inferior
-anterior-posterior
-transverse
What are the inspiratory Muscles?
diaphragm
external intercostal muscle
What is the function of the diaphragm?
main muscle of inspiration
what are the attachments of the diaphragm
Attachments:
Central tendon
Xiphoid process of sternum
Ribs (7-12) and their costal cartilages
Lumbar vertebrae (1-3)
what are the innervations of the diaphragm?
Motor: Phrenic nerve
-Composed of fibers from C3, C4, and C5
What is the function of the external intercostal muscle?
inspiration
What is the # of muscles, origin and insertion of the external intercostal muscles
11 muscles
Origin: lower edge of 1 rib
Insertion: into upper edge of rib immediately below
What are the innervations of the external intercostal muscles?
Motor:
Intercostal nerves (T1-T11)
-Spinal nerves at each vertebral level innervate the intercostal muscle at that vertebral level
What are the expiratory muscles?
internal intercostal muscles
linea alba
rectus sheath
external oblique
internal oblique
transverse abdominus
What is the function of the internal intercostal muscle?
expiration
of muscles, origin and insertion of the internal intercostal muscles?
11 muscles
Underneath the external intercostals
Origin: lower border of one rib
Insertion: upper border of the rib immediately below
What is the innervation of the internal intercostal ?
Motor:
Intercostal nerves (T1-T11)
-Spinal nerves at each vertebral level innervate the intercostal muscle at that vertebral level
What is included in the pelvis
Illium bone -> iliac crest
ischium bone
pubis bone-> pubis symphasis
What is the abdominal aponeurosis?
Abdominal aponeurosis is a broad flat sheet of tendon extending from the sternum to the pubis bone
Abdominal muscles attach to the skeleton and other musculature via the abdominal aponeurosis
What is the rectus sheath?
fibrous sheath formed by aponeuroses of abdominal muscles
what is the linea alba?
where the anterior and posterior portions of the rectus sheath intermingle at the center of the abdomen
What does the thoracolumbar fascia connect?
Sheet of connective tissue on lower portion of the back
What are the attachments for the rectus abdominus?
Attachments:
Pubic symphysis and pubis bone
Xiphoid process
Costal cartilages of ribs 5-7
what are the attachments of the external oblique?
Attachments:
Xyphoid process
External surfaces of ribs 5-12
Linea alba
Pubis bone
Anterior portion of iliac crest
what are the attachments of the internall oblique?
Attachments:
Xyphoid process
Inferior borders of ribs 10-12
Anterior portion of iliac crest
Thoracolumbar fascia
Linea alba
Pubic symphysis
what are the attachments of the transverse abdominus?
Located in front and side of abdominal wall
Runs in horizontal direction
Attachments:
Xyphoid process
Internal surfaces of ribs 7-12 (costal cartilages)
Thoracolumbar fascia
Iliac crest
Linea alba
Pubic crest, Pubic symphysis
What is the order of the abdominal muscles and sheath?
- external opblique
- internal obliqye
- transverse abdominus
- rectus sheath
- rectus abdominus
- linea alba
What are the innervation of the accessory muscles of expiration Rectus Abdominus?
Rectus Abdominus:
Thoracoabdominal nerves (T7-T11)
What are the innervation of the accessory muscles of expiration Transverse Abdominus?
Transverse Abdominus:
Thoracoabdominal nerves (T7-T11)
Iliohypogastric (L1)
What are the innervation of the accessory muscles of expiration External oblique?
Thoracoabdominal nerves (T7-T11)
Subcostal nerve (T12)
What are the innervation of the accessory muscles of expiration Internal oblique?
