Anatomy Flashcards
Role of Epithelial Tissue
provide barrier to some material and serve as sensory elements
Role of Connective Tissue
maintains the form of the body and its organs and provides cohesion and internal support
Role of Nervous Tissue
Transmit information from one neuron to another, from neurons to muscles and from sensory receptors/cells to other neural structures
Role of Muscular Tissue
to allow muscles to contract / movement
How many bones at birth? and Adulthood?
270 birth & 206 Adult
Axial Skeleton Consists of?
vertebrae, rib cage, skull, facial bones, and hyoid bone
Appendicular Skeleton consists of?
bones of the upper and lower limbs (appendages) including the pelvic and pectoral girdles
Pectoral girdle: clavicle and scapula
What is the function of a bone?
Support and protection of internal organs
Forms attachments of muscles – facilitates movement
Mineral storage
Fat storage and hematopoiesis
What are the parts of a bone?
Spongy and Dense
What is the function of Cartilage?
Lines articular surfaces/facets of bones
where bones meet to form a joint
What is somatic? is it voluntary?
“voluntary” part of the system
Responsible for voluntary actions
Allows for conscious sensation and perception of environmental events and stimuli
what is autonomic?
involuntary” part of the system
Responsible for life-sustaining activities and sensations (heart beat, mucus production
What does the CNS consist of?
Brain and Spine
What does PNS consist of?
Spinal nerves, Cranial Nerves and ANS
The forebrain consists of?
-cerebral hemisphere
-diecephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
the brainstem consists of?
midbrain, pons and medulla
the hind brain consists of?
Cerebellum
The cerebral Hemisphere consists of?
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
limbic system
what does the spine connect to on both sides?
medulla and lumbar region vertebrae
What are the three types of cartilage?
hyaline, elastic and fibrous
explain key points of hyaline cartilage?
-most common in body, smooth glassy blue, ossifies with age, lots of collegan, found in larynx, trachea and bronchi
explain key points of elastic cartilage?
flexible, less collagen and more elastic, little ossification, in ears and nose
explain fibrous cartilage?
tougher than the others, in high stress areas like vertebrae and TMJ
What is a joint?
location at which two bones connect=joint or articulation
Function of a neuron?
-Primary unit of nervous system
-Electrically excitable: Transmit information from one neuron to another, from neurons to muscles and from sensory receptors/cells to other neural structures
-Electrical signal = action potential
Function of a Cell Body
Nucleus: a membrane bound structure that contains the cell’s hereditary information (DNA!)
Organelles
Production of proteins
Cell membrane (“skin” of the cell)
What does the Soma and Dendrites do?
recievers of signals
what does the axon do?
transmission, Sends signals (action potentials) to other neurons, muscles, or glands
what does the terminal bouton do?
terminal part
what does a dendrite do?
Branching projections from the soma
Receive signals from other neurons
Points of contact/reception of signals on dendrites = dendritic spines
what does myelin do?
-White, fatty wrapping - also called myelin sheath
-Formed by glia cells
-Insulate the axon and increase the speed of conduction of nerve impulses along the axon
-Nodes of Ranvier: spaces between myelin
what do Terminal Boutons do?
Found at the end of the axons
Contain neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters (brain chemicals) are made in the neuron
Neurotransmitters are released from the terminal boutons and interact with the structure on which the axon is synapsing (connecting)
Messages coming to a neuron synapse at the?
the dendritic spine
messages coming from the neuron synapse at the?
terminal bouton
glia cells do what?
-support/maintain chemical environment
-myelienation
-nutrient transport of repair damaged axons
-creating cerebrospinal fluid
T/F gray matter and white matter is only found in the CNS?
True
What is Gray Matter?
parts of the CNS containing cell bodies (somas), dendrites, unmyelinated axons, synapses and glial cells of the neurons in the brain
what is white matter?
parts of the CNS containing myelinated axons and glial cells that produce myelin
T/F ganglia and nerves are found in the CNS?
False
What is included in the Cerebrum?
-Cerebral hemispheres
-cerebral cortex
-basal ganglia
-limbic system
-thalamus
-hypothalamus
what is a gyrus?
hills
what is a sulcus
valleys
what is a fissure
deep depression on the brain
the left side of the brain generally functions what?
speech and language
the right side of the brain generally functions what??
spatial skills and nonverbal reasoning
what is the fissure that divides the left and right half of the brain?
longitudinal cerebral fissure
what is the transverse fissure?
separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum
what does the central sulcus seperate?
the frontal from the parietal lobe
what does the lateral sulcus seperate?
the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal
what is the insular cortex function?
-Role in maintaining homeostasis and ANS functions
-Role in speech motor control, speech perception, swallowing and taste
What is the role of the occipital lobe?
Primary visual area:
-Receives visual information from retinas
Secondary/association visual area:
-Relates visual information from primary area to past experiences
what is the role of the temporal lobe?
Primary auditory area:
-Inferior to lateral sulcus in the temporal lobe (Heschl’s gyrus)
-Receives auditory information (frequency, intensity, location)
Secondary/association auditory areas:
-Important for interpretation of sounds
Wernickes area is known for what?
language comprehension
where is wernickes area located?
left temporal lobe
what is the role of the parietal lobe?
Primary somatosensory area:
-Located on the postcentral gyrus
-Receives sensory information from body
Secondary/association -somatosensory areas
Interpret this information
What is contralateral innervation? and what does damage to it do? and where is it located?
-Neurons on left side of brain (left PSA) receive sensory information from the right side of the body (limbs), and vice versa
-Can cause loss of sensation in the contralateral body area(s) corresponding to the area of the primary sensory cortex which is damaged
-primary somatosensory area
what does the supramarginal gyrus do?
language functions: semantic and phonological processing
what does the angular gyrus do?
semantic processing and mathematics
what does the frontal lobe do?
Primary motor area:
-Located on the precentral gyrus
-Cell bodies of neurons that send signals to brainstem and spinal cord for muscle contraction
-Important in executing movement
Secondary motor areas:
-Include pre motor area and supplemental motor area
-Involved in planning of movements
Premotor Area in the Frontal Lobe does what?
Important for planning and selecting movements and for sensory-motor associations
Supplementary Motor Area does what?
Important for motor imagery and sequential tasks
Brocas area is important for?
Important for motor planning for speech and swallowing located in the frontal lobe to the left
what is the prefrontal cortex important for?
personality, initiative and judgement
What are 3 groups of white matter?
Projection, association and commisural
What are projection fibers?
Form the corona radiata
Form internal capsule close to the brainstem
Run by the basal ganglia
What is commisural fibers?
Corpus callosum: connects the left and right hemispheres
Allows for cross-hemispheric transfer of learned experiences and memories
what are 3 main structures of the basal ganglia?
Caudate, Putamen and Globus Pallidus
What is the main function of the Basal ganglia?
Releasing desired movements or thoughts while inhibiting undesired movements and thoughts
Help with movement initiation and coordination
What is the role of the thalamus?
gateway of sensory
what does the hypothalamus include?
hypothalamic nuclei
mammillary bodies
infundibulum
What is the function of the Hypothalamus?
Involved in all conscious regulation of homeostasis and hormone secretion
What does the limbic system include?
amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus and hypothalamus
what is the function of the limbic system?
-Involved in memory [hippocampus]
-Involved in emotions (anger, fear, etc.) [amygdala]
-Involved in temperature regulation, feeding behavior (hunger, thirst), and sexual function [hypothalamus]
What is the brainstem highway?
connects the spinal cord with the cerebrum through ascending and descending white matter fibers
what is the brainstem processing center?
several essential gray matter nuclei
What is the Pons function?
Pathway for several white matter fibers connecting the cerebrum with the spinal cord
What is the function of the medulla?
speech and swalloing
Function of Cerebellum?
Receives myriad sensory (afferent) inputs from cortex, brainstem and spinal cord
What are the 5 groups of vertebrae and the numbers?
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacral
Coccygeal
What is the location of the spine?
Begins at the bottom of the medulla (base of skull)
Runs from the first cervical vertebra (C1) to the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra (L1) in adults
What is the role of the gray matter in the spinal cord?
-Shaped like a butterfly
-Ventral (anterior) horn
–Cell bodies of motor nerves
-Dorsal (posterior) horn
—Nerve cells related to sensation
-Many nuclei are present
What is afferent?
signals which move from the periphery of the body toward the central nervous system (sensory signals)
what is efferent?
signals which move from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body (motor signals)
what are spinal nerves?
nerves coming out of the spinal cord to go to body, below head and face
Afferent and efferent
what are cranial nerves?
nerves coming out of the brainstem to go to head and face
Afferent and efferent
how many spinal nerves do we have and what do they do?
31 pairs of nerves which carry motor and sensory information to the body
Cervical: 8 pairs
Thoracic: 12 pairs
Lumbar: 5 pairs
Sacral: 5 pairs
Coccygeal: 1 pair
T/F the C8 exits below the last (7th) cervical vertebrae
True
C1-C7 exit above vertebrae, C8 exits below last (7th) cervical vertebra, rest of spinal n. exit below vertebrae
what does white matter do in the spine?
contains many ascending and descending tracts
what is a root neuron of a nerve?
where it begins in the spinal cord or brainstem
what is a ramus?
a primary division/branch of a nerve
What do the motor fibers in the pathway for spinal nerves do?
Cell bodies in ventral horn
Emerge as ventral root
What do the sensory fibers in the pathway for spinal nerves do?
Cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion (spinal ganglion)
T/F the Ventral primary rami supplies anterior portion of the body
True
What does the parasympatheic do?
Acts to maintain homeostasis or conserve energy
what does the sympatheic do?
fight or flight” response, cope with emergencies
What does the trigeminal nerve do? is it M & S or both?
speech and mastication? M&S
What does the facial nerve do? is it M & S or both?
speech, oral preperation and taste and M&S
What does the vestibulocochlear nerve do? is it M & S or both?
hearing and balance & S
What does the glossopharangeal nerve do? is it M & S or both?
Speech, oropharangeal sensation, taste
M&S
What does the Vagus nerve do? is it M & S or both?
speech and swallowing M&S
Accessory Nerve
Head and neck movement and speech M
What does the hypoglossal nerve do? is it M & S or both?
Speech and oral manipulation M
what is it called when Neurons send messages electrochemically = chemicals cause an electrical signal
action potential
what is a absolute refractory period?
no action potential can be triggered during this time
what is a relative refractory period?
action potential can be triggered by a stronger stimulus
T/F action potentials are directional
False, they are undirectional
T/F Continuous conduction: AP moves along entire length of axon (myelinated neurons)
False, it is unmylienated
T/F Saltatory conduction: AP jumps along the axon due to myelination
Only depolarizes the parts of the axon at the Nodes of Ranvier
Much faster than continuous conduction
True
Are Striated muscles volunatry?
Yes
what two types of muscles are involuntary?
smooth and cardiac
describe endomysium, fasciculi, perimysium, epimysium and fascia
Endomysium separates muscle fibers from one another and binds them together to form bundles of muscle fibers
Fasciculi: Groups of muscle fibers bound together by endomysium
Perimysium covers the fasciculi and binds them together to form muscles
Epimysium covers the muscle
Fascia is a layer of thickened connective tissue that covers the entire muscle and is located over the layer of epimysium
what is a myofibrilis
filament/protien
Myofibrils contain repeated cylindrical units called sarcomeres
what is a sarcomeres
-Sarcomeres are separated by Z-disk marks
-Sarcomeres are the contractile units of a muscle cell!
Sarcomeres are the contractile units of a muscle cell!
T/F Terminal boutons contain sacs of acetylcholine (ACh) – a neurotransmitter
True
what are the steps in muscle contraction?
- nerve tells muscle to contract
2.Action potential is propagated (travels) through muscle fiber through a structure called transverse tubule
3.Spreading action potential causes calcium to be released from another bag-like structure called sacroplasmic reticulum. when completed the sliding filament theory happens.
4.Calcium binds to troponin and allows actin to bind with myosin
5.Myosin head binds with actin
6.Actin filament is pulled over myosin filament
7.Myosin detaches from actin, returns to relaxed position and the cycle repeats
Thick bands and Thin bands of Sarcomere are:
thick- myosin
thin- actin, topomyosin, troponin
what is the I-band?
part of myofibril containing only actin filaments
what is the A band?
part of myofibril containing myosin and actin filaments
what is the h-zone?
part of myofibril containing only myosin
what is the sliding filament theory?
Muscle contraction is caused by myosin and actin sliding by each other, without changing length.
What are the types of muscle fibers?
Type 1 and Type 2a and 2b
T/F Isometric: force changes but length does not?
True
T/F Isotonic: force does not remain the same while length changes?
False, force remains the same
Origin of the muscle is immoveable?
Yes (bicep shoulder area)
Inseration of the muscle is moveable?
Yes, bicep and elblow
Steps in muscle contraction?
Nerve tells muscle to contract
Action potential travels down the axon
At terminal boutons – release of neurotransmitter (Ach)
Ach detected by Ach receptors on the motor end plate on the muscle fiber
Causes a muscle action potential
The myosin and actin filaments slide past one another and the muscle contracts
Filaments continue to slide until there is enough calcium to allow actin and myosin to bind
When the muscle is no longer stimulated, the calcium leaves through the lateral sacs
Because of the reduction in calcium, the binding of actin and myosin is inhibited
What is a receptor?
structures that receive information from the body and about changes in the environment
What is a exteroreceptor?
sense external environment
what is a interorecptor?
sense conditions within body
what is a Proprioceptors?
sense body’s position in space
what is a Mechanoreceptors?
respond to mechanical pressure or deformation of the skin
what is a Thermoreceptors?
two types – cold and warm (do not signal heat pain though)
what is a Nocireceptors
respond to tissue damage (pain)
what is a stretch receptor?
muscle spindles (length) and golgi tendon organs (tension) in muscle (proprioception) < you know where you are in space. You close ur eyes and put ut arm out and u know its out
what is a chemoreceptor?
taste, smell, blood chemistry
what is a photoreceptor?
light/vision
what is sensory transduction?
Transduction is the process by which a stimulus is sensed and then converted into an electrical signal
what is Receptor Potential?
firing will keep responding until it gets to threshold
What is a muscle spindle?
Within the belly of the muscle, running parallel to the muscle fibers (extrafusal muscle fibers)
Contains 2-12 intrafusal muscle fibers
Nuclear bag fiber (it’s a little thicker in the center)
Nuclear chain fiber (just kinda looks like a stick)
Encased in connective tissue
What are gamma fibers?
Why are gamma fibers important?
When the muscle contracts, it shortens
If the muscle shortens, the muscle spindles may stop responding
If gamma motor neurons are stimulated when the muscle contracts, the ends of the muscle spindles will shorten with the muscle
Stretches the middle of the fibers, keeps the afferent fibers responding
You need to know how much movement you have made and lets you know where the muscle is
what is phasic stretch reflex?
Ensures Reciprocal Innervation: when one set of motor neurons is activated, the opposing set is inhibited
Ensures appropriate muscle tone
Very important for muscle tone
Works for synergist and antagonist
What is the tonic stretch reflex?
Elicited by passively bending a joint
More involved in posture
Pathways are the same as in the phasic stretch reflex, except type I and type II endings are involved
Important for standing: any slight flexion or extension in leg joints while standing will elicit tonic stretch reflex to oppose the movement and help keep the individual upright
