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BPK 142 > Respiratory Structure & Function > Flashcards

Respiratory Structure & Function Flashcards

Lecture 8

1
Q

When we lose weight, where does it go?

A

Most of it expels through air (CO2)

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2
Q

Why is the majority of weight loss attributed to CO₂ during respiration?

A

because it is released as waste

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3
Q

What are the major components of the respiratory system, and what is the primary function of each?

A
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4
Q

Why is cartilage present in the trachea and bronchi but absent in bronchioles and alveoli?

A
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5
Q
A
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6
Q

What are the conducting airways, and why are they not involved in gas exchange?

A
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7
Q

How do bronchioles and alveoli contribute to respiratory efficiency?

A
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8
Q

What are alveoli, and why are they the key site for gas exchange?

A
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9
Q

What structural adaptations make alveoli efficient for O₂ and CO₂ exchange?

A
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10
Q

What is Boyle’s Law, and how does it relate to inspiration and expiration?

A
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11
Q

How does the pressure-volume relationship enable air to flow into and out of the lungs?

A
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12
Q

Describe the mechanical changes that occur in the diaphragm and intercostal muscles during inspiration.

A
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13
Q

Why does air flow into the lungs when lung pressure drops below atmospheric pressure?

A
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14
Q

How does expiration differ during rest and exercise?

A
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15
Q

Why do we primarily breathe through our nose at rest, and why does this change during exercise?

A
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16
Q

What are the advantages of nose breathing over mouth breathing?

A
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17
Q

Define Tidal Volume, Vital Capacity, and Residual Volume

A
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18
Q

How do Inspiratory Capacity (IC) and Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) relate to other volumes?

A
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19
Q

Why is it important to have residual air left in the lungs after exhalation?

A
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20
Q

How does body position (standing vs. lying down) affect lung volumes and capacities?

A
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21
Q

How do you calculate Minute Ventilation (VE) at rest and during exercise?

A
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22
Q

How is alveolar ventilation (VA) different from minute ventilation, and how is it calculated?

A
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23
Q

How do obstructive disorders like asthma and emphysema affect FEV1 and FVC?

A
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24
Q

Why is the FEV1/FVC ratio reduced in obstructive disorders but increased in restrictive disorders?

A
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25
Q

How does pulmonary fibrosis affect lung elasticity and lung volumes?

A
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26
Q

What is anatomical dead space, and why does it not participate in gas exchange?

A
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27
Q

How does dead space affect alveolar ventilation?

A
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28
Q

How does minute ventilation change as exercise intensity increases?

A
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29
Q

What is the ventilatory threshold, and why does ventilation spike at this point?

A
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30
Q

Why does the ventilatory threshold signify the switch from aerobic to anaerobic energy production?

A
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31
Q

What are the pulmonary and systemic circuits, and how do they differ in function and pressure?

A
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32
Q

Why is the left ventricle’s wall thicker than the right ventricle’s?

A
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33
Q

How do valves in veins prevent backflow, and what happens when they deform?

A
34
Q

What role do muscular and respiratory pumps play in returning blood to the heart?

A
35
Q

Trace the pathway of electrical conduction in the heart starting from the SA node.

A
36
Q

Why is there a 0.1-second delay at the AV node?

A
37
Q

How does ventricular contraction differ from atrial contraction, and why does it start from the bottom up?

A
38
Q

What does the P-wave, QRS complex, and T-wave represent in an ECG?

A
39
Q

How are electrical intervals and segments used to assess cardiac function?

A
40
Q

What is the difference between atrial and ventricular fibrillation?

A
41
Q

Why is ventricular fibrillation life-threatening, while atrial fibrillation is not?

A
42
Q

What factors make arrhythmias more likely to occur during exercise?

A
43
Q

What are tachycardia and bradycardia, and how are they defined in terms of resting heart rate?

A
44
Q

What are systolic and diastolic pressures, and how do they change during exercise?

A
45
Q

Why does increased systolic pressure lead to a higher pulse during exercise?

A
46
Q

How does hemoglobin in red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A
47
Q

What is the Bohr Effect, and how does it affect oxygen release in tissues with high CO₂ or low pH?

A
48
Q

How does blood doping artificially increase RBC count, and why does it pose health risks?

A
49
Q

How does partial pressure drive the diffusion of O₂ and CO₂ during gas exchange?

A
50
Q

What structural adaptations in alveoli and capillaries optimize this process?

A
51
Q

Why is most oxygen transported bound to hemoglobin rather than dissolved in plasma?

A
52
Q

How does hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen change with pH, CO₂ levels, and temperature?

A
53
Q

Practice calculating pressure changes during inspiration and expiration.

A
54
Q

How would Boyle’s Law apply if atmospheric pressure changes (e.g., at high altitudes)?

A
55
Q

Calculate VE and VA for different activity levels (rest vs. exercise).

A
56
Q

How would changes in anatomical dead space affect alveolar ventilation?

A
57
Q

Identify abnormalities in sample ECG tracings and determine their potential effects on heart function.

A
58
Q

Why is surface area important in the respiratory system, particularly in the bronchi and alveoli?

A
59
Q

How do bronchioles regulate airflow without cartilage support?

A
60
Q

What structural adaptations in the diaphragm allow it to perform its role during breathing?

A
61
Q

How do changes in thoracic cavity pressure differ between normal breathing and exercise?

A
62
Q

How does mouth breathing during exercise affect airflow resistance and gas exchange compared to nasal breathing?

A
63
Q

How do lung volumes and capacities change with age, disease, or fitness level?

A
64
Q

Why do functional residual capacity and tidal volume decrease in the supine position?

A
65
Q

How does the thickness of the respiratory membrane affect the rate of gas exchange in alveoli?

A
66
Q

Why is the partial pressure of O₂ and CO₂ critical for gas diffusion, and how does exercise alter these gradients?

A
67
Q

How does high altitude affect alveolar gas exchange and oxygen transport?

A
68
Q

What physiological adaptations occur in the respiratory system during long-term aerobic exercise?

A
69
Q

Why is alveolar ventilation more critical than minute ventilation during exercise?

A
70
Q

How does the delay at the AV node contribute to efficient cardiac function?

A
71
Q

Why does blood flow to skeletal muscles increase during exercise, and how is blood flow maintained to other vital organs like the brain?

A
72
Q

How do valves in veins help prevent venous pooling during prolonged standing?

A
73
Q

How would a patient’s ECG change during atrial fibrillation versus ventricular fibrillation?

A
74
Q

What are the risks associated with deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and how can muscle contraction mitigate this?

A
75
Q

How do blood doping and high RBC counts affect oxygen transport and cardiovascular health?

A
76
Q

How do respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together to meet increased oxygen demands during exercise?

A
77
Q

Why does oxygen delivery to tissues decrease in conditions with low pH or high CO₂ concentrations (Bohr effect)?

A
78
Q

How does lung compliance affect the work of breathing in restrictive versus obstructive disorders?

A
79
Q

How does emphysema affect the structural integrity of alveoli and overall gas exchange efficiency?

A
80
Q

Why does pulmonary fibrosis decrease both FEV1 and FVC but maintain an elevated FEV1/FVC ratio?

A
81
Q

How does sleep apnea impact gas exchange and respiratory mechanics during rest?

A
82
Q

What physiological mechanism prevents the lungs from collapsing at the end of expiration?

A

BPK 142 (5 decks)

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