Respiratory-Ster Flashcards
What is Hypoxia?
When Oxygen levels in the blood, lungs and/or tissues are low.
What is Hypoxemia?
Insufficient oxygenation of the blood
Respiratory stimulant when Pa)2
What is the normal PaO2?
90-110mmHg
What is it called when there is an Increased CO2 level?
Hypercapnia
What causes cyanosis?
Blue to red purple color in tissues because of increased amounts of deoxygenated or reduced hemoglobin
What should the Arterial SaO2 be before Cyanosis is found?
SaO2 73 and 78 % - pulse ox (PaO2 39-44 mmHg)
What should you do if you patient is encountering Dyspnea?
- Avoid Excessive stress or struggling
- Avoid dorsal recumbency for x-rays
- Give the animal additional oxygen immediately.
What is a High pitched Inspiratory noise, rapid flow of air passed a rigid obstruction, paralyzed/collapsed trachea?
Stridor
What is a Stertor?
Low pitched inspiratory noise, gurgling or snoring sound produced as air passes soft tissue obstruction
What age of animals do you usually see Ciliary dyskinesia in?
Generally younger animals
What age of animals do you see Neoplasia in?
Generally older animals.
Where are vesicular sounds heard best?
Periphery of lungs
Where are bronchiolar sounds heard?
At the hilus
Which best describes crackles?
Airways filled with fluid that snaps open.
Where is the location? Upper or lower airways?
Signs- nasal discharge, sneezing, increased effortt in INSPIRATION, pawing or rubbing at the face?
Upper airways
Where is the location upper or lower airway? signs- Cough, Respiratory distress, Increased effort in EXPIRATION, crackles, wheezes on auscultation
Lower airway
Sneezing localizes the disease to where? and is a protective mechanism of upper or Lower airway?
Localize disease to nasal cavity.
Protective mechanism of Upper airway
What is the hallmark of trachea/lung disease or cardiac failure?
Cough.
What is Dyspnea?
Dificult labored breathing.
What is Tachypnea?
Increased Respiration Rate, may or may not be associated with distress.
What is it called when the animals neck is extended forward, dog trying to get as much air as possible?
Orthopnea
What is the cause of Respiratory Distress?
No enough O2 in inspired air, not enough ventilation, not enough circulation, low RBCs, abnormal HB
Hypoxemia is when there is insufficient oxygen which can result in cyanosis. What are some causes?
Lack of O2, abnormal Hb, Cardiac dz, pulmonary dz, cardiopulmonary arrest.
Determine location. Upper or lower?? Increased Inspiratory effort?
Upper airway obstruction or pleural dz
Determine location. Upper or Lower? Increased Expiratory effort?
Lower airway obstruction
What are normal lung sounds known as?
Bronchovesicular
where are bronchial sounds heard at?
loudest over the hills during expiration “ wind blowing”
Where are vesicular sounds heard at?
Heard best on inspiration at periphery of chest. Rusting of leaves. normal air filled lung.
What are crackles?
Rice krispies. Snapping open of airways that have closed due to fluid either in or around them.
What are Wheezes?
Usually heard on expiration. caused by airflow through narrow opening/
What is a Goose Honk cough indicate?
Tracheal collapse
With pleural effusion where are lung sounds auscultated? where are they muffled?
Auscultated dorsally, Muffled ventrally, heart sounds are reduced. Lungs are floating in fluid.
IF lung sounds are absent dorsally bc of compression, that is indicative of what?
Pneumothorax.
Only present in the ventral field.
What does Bronchoscopy evaluate?
The larynx, trachea and bronchi.
When is Bronchoscopy contraindicated?
With patients in severe respiratory distress.
What is an alternative to nasal flushing, the technique is easier and you get good quality cytological samples.?
Cytobrush samples.
When is a Bronchoalveolar lavage indicated?
Lung disease involving small airway, alveoli/ interstitum, can sample specific disease lung lobes.
What is the landmark for a transtracheal wash and aspirate?
Cricothyroid ligament.
what are some complications that could happen with transthoracic lung aspiration?
Must be done fast because lungs are moving still.
Complications could be hemothorax, pneumothorax, potentially,, pyothora,
What is the treatment of Pyothorax?
Chest tube ( more common in cats)
Antitussives are used mainly in dogs with what type of cough?
Dry and non productive cough due to airway collapse or irritant tracheitis. Avoid in moist cough.
use O2 therapy to tx what?
Hypoxemia (PaO2 less than 90%)
to decrease workload of heart and lungs.
What is the ddx for nasal discharge?
1.)Neoplasia- imp in dogs
2.)Rhinitis -imp in cats
infectious (fungus, viral, parasitic) Inflammatory( lymphocytic/plasmacytic)
3.) Nasal foreign body
4.) Dental disease
5.) Trauma
6.) congenital ( dyskiniesia, stenosis)
7.) Systemic disorder ( coagulopthy , pneumonia)
If the animal has a sudden onset, with acute sneezing, gagging and reverse sneezing pawing at his naose. it probably has a _________??
Foreign body.
Examples of Upper respiratory infectious agents?
Herpes and calcivirus
chlaymidia, mycoplasma, corona virus, bordatella!
True or false?
Herpes virus sheds with or without stress?
FALSE MOFO! HERPES SHED WITH STRESS.
SO NO STRESSFUL FUCKING u may get the HERP DA DERP!
When can Calici and chalmydia be shed?
With or without stress..
Hence the reason we all get the clap….
MAKE IT CLAP!
True or false?
Cats require stress to shed calici?
FALSE! CATS DO NOT REQUIRE STRESS TO SHED CALICI.
For the treatment of cat flu what is systemic antibiotics used for?
Secondary bacteria infection
What causes Pneuonyssus canine?
Parasitic nasal mites
If there is Destruction of nasal septum, frontal sinus, cribriform plate is Lymphplasmacytic Rhinitis (LPR) a good DDX?
No - basically if you see lysis of bone its NOT LPR!
Biopsy and Histopathology is needed.
What is the Tx for LPR?
No effective protocols at this time.
Don’t smoke.
NO DAB MOFUCKA!
What is required to plan and tx nasal cancer?
Histopathology
What is the most common Nasal cancer?
Adenocarcinoma
What is the tx of choice for Nasal tumors?
Radiation
What type of dogs are predisposed to Nasal cancer?
Long nosed dogs.
What are clinical signs of Tracehobroncial disease in dogs?
- Cough: Most common +/- productive
- Retch/gag (like yo mama does when she deep throats my cock)
- Wheezing
- Inspiratory signs
- Tachypnea
- Respiratory distress
- cyanosis if severe
What is the treatment of Kennel cough for uncomplicated?
Restrict exercise, Doxycycline if Bordetlla is suspected, Usually resolves in 2 weeks. Cough suppressants- ( Butorphanol, Hydrocodone, Codeine derivatives, Dextromethorphan)
What is the treatment of Kennel cough for Complicated?
Restric exercise. Systemic Abx for 2 weeks: DOxycline, tetracycline, sulfa or enrofloxacin. Penicillin is not a good choice for Bordetalla bc of poor levels of resp. secretions.
Nebulization with or without gentamicin.
AVOID COUGH SUPPRESSANTS.
Who is prone to collapsing Trachea?
Middle aged to older dogs; occasionally cats. Toy or small breeds.
What are collapsing trachea signs?
Goose Honk cough
What is the signalment for Feline tracheobronchial disease?
Any age but commonly young to mid aged (1-3 yrs)
Siamese predisposed
What is the Etiology of Mycotic Pneumonias?
Blastomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Coccidiomycosis
Aspergillosis
How can you Dx Mycotic Pneumonias:
Cytology/ histology, urine or serum antigens.
The primary rule out for a patient with a sudden onset of severe expiratory dyspnea and no major changes on thoracic radiographs is:
pulmonary thomboembolism [PTE]
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema results from overexpansion of extracellular fluid volume due to 4 general mechanisms. What are those four mechanisms?
Vascular overload (excessive IV fluid administration)/increased hydrostatic pressure Decreased plasma oncotic pressure (low albumin) Increased permeability of the alveolar‐capillary membrane Lymphatic obstruction
What is the major difference between ALI and ARDS?
degree of hypoxemia ALI: pulmonary inflammation & edema resulting in acute respiratory failure ARDS: Severe manifestation of ALI ALI/ARDS: most commonly a sequela of sepsis, shock, or bacterial pneumonia
In general, what is the only primary lung tumor that is responsive to chemotherapy?
lymphoma
T/F: In the case of pleural effusion, thoracocentesis is both diagnostic and therapeutic
True
In a very general sense, what is the most common cause of pneumonia in dogs?
Bacteria
What are the two most common types of neopasias in cats?
Lymphoma and adenocarcinoma ***lymphoma is the most common in the cat
T/F Canine chronic bronchitis is most common in old, small breed dogs?
True
Small breed dogs, terriers and med sized dogs; Mid- old aged > 6 yrs usually, overweight
T/F: On CT, If you observe destruction of the nasal septum, frontal sinuses or cribriform plate, or extension of disease into the nasopharynx or periorbital region, this animal likely has lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis
False Destruction of the nasal septum, frontal sinuses or cribriform plate, or extension of disease into the nasopharynx or periorbital region are not expected with LPR and should prompt investigation into the presence of fungal rhinitis or neoplastic disease Given that it is an idiopathic disease, the lack of specific findings is important. Dogs should have no funduscopic lesions, no lymphadenopathy, no facial or palate deformities, and healthy teeth and gums, etc.
What are the most common clinical signs associated with nasal mites (pneumonyssus caninum)
Sneezing, reverse sneezing
What is the hallmark sign associated with feline herpesvirus
ulcerative keratitis Clinical signs for FHV: sneezing, inappetence, fever, oculonasal discharges (serous, then mucopurulent due to secondary bacterial infections), ulcerative keratitis (punctate or dendritic ulcers) is hallmark sign!
T/F: Nasal discharge is almost always a sign of local disease within the nasal cavity
True Exceptions: eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy (EBP), bacterial pneumonia & coagulopathies
What area of the lung is primarily affected with aspiration pneumonia?
right middle lung lobe although other lungs can be affected
What fluid characteristics would you expect to see associated with a pleural effusion caused by hemorrhage (bleeding masses, coagulopathies, trauma)?
These effusions are red, often contain protein & cell concentrations compatible with peripheral blood The composition of a hemorrhagic effusion will change with time: As cells are phagocytized & degraded, the number of RBCs will decrease.
In the case of collapsing trachea, corticosteroids as a single dose can be given to decrease tracheal inflammation. What drug is recommended?
dexamethasone Dexamethasone lasts ~48 hours and is ~7x more potent than prednisone
How long does it take for pulmonary contusions to show up on radiographs?
~2-12 hours after trauma
What fluid characteristics would you expect to see associated with a pleural effusion caused by lymphorrhagia?
Predominantly lymphocytic these effusions are lymphocyte predominant. As they become chronic or with repeated drainage inflammation occurs resulting in more neutrophils (non-degenerate) and macrophages. Chylous effusions contain chylomicrons and are classic “ milky” effusions
Protein poor transudate in the pleural cavity is most frequently caused by?
Hypoalbuminemia
The local humane society has contacted you about an outbreak of upper respiratory signs in dogs. One dog died overnight. You did necropsy and found blood in trachea and hemorrhagic mottled lungs. Which disease would you be most concerned about? Bordetella Canine herpes virus Kennel cough Influenza Type A H3N8 Canine distemper
Influenza Type A H3N8 Because this is a rather newly emerging disease, almost all dogs, regardless of breed or age, are susceptible to infection and have no immunity. Virtually all dogs that are exposed to the virus become infected and nearly 80% show clinical signs of disease. Fortunately, most affected dogs have the mild form
An overflow of tears onto the face is termed:
epiphora This is a possible sequela of feline herpesvirus due to fibrosis of lacrimal ducts. This condition may also occur while studying for vet school! =o)
These normal lung sounds sound like the “rustling of leaves” and are heard over peripheral airways:
vesicular sounds Inspiration is slightly loud & longer than expiration. They indicate normal air‐filled lungs
Upper respiratory or lower respiratory sign? nasal discharge
upper respiratory
T/F: Canine Chronic Bronchitis is usually self-limiting and dogs recover within a year after initial signs
False canine chronic bronchitis is irreversible and progressive; incurable.
What is the typical signalment associated with ciliary dyskinesia?
young purebred dog with recurrent respiratory tract infections/signs
What is the mortality rate associated with cases of ALI/ARDS?
~100% There have been 2 reported cases that have survived
What diagnostic modality provides us with a definitive diagnosis in the case of progressive interstitial fibrosis?
lung biopsy Lung aspirate is sometimes helpful & less invasive than lung biopsy
protein-rich transudate in the pleural cavity is most frequenty caused by:
heart failure The lungs contain lymph that is higher in protein and thus fluid escaping from the capillary beds here has higher protein content.
T/F: When performing thoracic radiographs to help diagnose pulmonary neoplasia, sixteen-thousand views should be taken
False Three views should suffice Thoracic radiography: Take right & left laterals & VD: 3 view “met check” Primary neoplasia: Usually focal single‐ or multiple‐mass lesions o lobar consolidation Diffuse pulmonary infiltrate can also be found Dog: Right caudal lobe more commonly affected Cat: Left caudal lobe more often involved Metastatic neoplasia Multiple, discrete, interstitial nodules of variable sizes or Diffuse interstitial pattern May find lymphadenopathy, pleural effusion Cat: Ill defined nodules or diffuse, patchy, mixed alveolar patterns
T/F: In animals with pyothorax, antibiotics should be administered for 5-7 days and if the response to therapy is poor a chest drain should be inserted
False antibiotics should be given long-term (months)
You would expect to hear crackles with which of the following diseases? Diaphragmatic hernia Pulmonary edema Pneumothorax Nasopharyngeal polyp Chylothorax
Pulmonary edema Animals with pulmonary edema are seen because of cough,tachypnea, respiratory distress, or signs of the inciting disease. Crackles are heard on auscultation, except in animals with mild or early disease. Blood-tinged froth may appear in the trachea, pharynx, or nares immediately preceding death from pulmonary edema.
Which treatment(s) would most likely increase the lifespan for a 10 year old collie diagnosed with nasal adenocarcinoma? Rhinoscopy with curretage and chemo Chemo Surgical debulking with chemo Surgical debulking with radiation Chemo and radiation
Surgical debulking with radiation
T/F: Expiratory wheezes are a hallmark finding in dogs with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (progressive interstitial fibrosis)
False INSPIRATORY CRACKLES are a hallmark finding in dogs with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (progressive interstitial fibrosis)
T/F: Canine nasal aspergillosis is most common in brachycephalic breeds
False Canine nasal aspergillosis is most common in dolichocephalic breeds
__________ is the most common causative agent of chronic rhinitis in dogs
Aspergillus fumigatus
What is the best diagnostic tool for collapsing trachea?
bronchoscopy can assess dynamic changes; grade and extent of collapse; confirm location; assess for concurrent disease (bronchitis); allow for BAL & culture
__________ indicates only an increase in respiratory rate, not always associated with hyperventilation
tachypnea do not confuse with panting
Upper respiratory or lower respiratory sign? increased efforts on inspiration
upper respiratory
T/F: Stridor is a whine or high-pitched expiratory wheeze
False Stridor is a whine or high-pitched inspiratory wheeze Often associated with laryngeal paralysis or mass obstructing the upper airway. Indicates airway narrowing/stricture. Often more obvious during exertion or excitement Ex: laryngeal paralysis, nasopharyngeal stenosis
What are the most common respiratory abnormalities associated with feline asthma?
cough, wheeze and/or respiratory distress
This is a chronic inflammatory rhinitis characterized by lymphocytic-plasmacytic infiltration of nasal mucosa in the absence of an obvious underlying etiology:
lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis
__________ is the inability to breathe unless in an upright position
orthopnea Animal assumes a sitting position with elbows held wide apart in attempt to enlarge the chest cavity and allow for better lung expansion. Typically found with large pleural filling defects/pleural space diseases (hernia, effusion).
Feline chronic bronchitis is an inflammatory airway disease, typically seen more in older cats, that is characterized by:
neutrophilic inflammation, mucosal edema, mucous gland hypertrophy, excessive mucous production Clinical signs are indistinguishable from signs of asthma in cats
A “goose-honk” cough is characteristic for:
collapsing trachea “Goose‐honk” cough: easily elicited by tracheal palpation Normal respiratory pattern in most cases. If see marked respiratory effort, think about bronchial collapse Auscultation of trachea: musical wheezing sounds. Hepatomegaly is a significant feature: 92%. Theory: oxygen deprived hepatocytes (function improves after stent placed) Some have concurrent bronchitis or lower airway disease – evident on auscultation Heart murmur: > 20% have mitral valve insufficiency
Is respiratory distress associated more often with upper airway diseases or lower airway diseases?
lower airway diseases However, remember that dogs with bilateral laryngeal paralysis (an upper airway disease) are in respiratory distress!
This potential sequela of feline herpesvirus is the result of nasal turbinate damage:
feline chronic rhinosinusitis turbinate damage predisposes to secondary bacterial infections of nasal cavity = ‘snuffler’
What lung sounds are commonly heard associated with chronic canine bronchitis?
Often inspiratory crackles and expiratory wheezes
Describe the treatment for life-threatening bronchoconstriction (Status Asthmaticus) in a cat:
Avoid stress (rads can kill the cat) O2: chamber or mask Fast-acting corticosteroid: dexamethasone Bronchodilator: terbutaline
Describe the nasal discharge associated with nasal foreign bodies:
unilateral; serous to mucopurulent or serosanguineous
This is a chronic fibrosis of lung interstitium characterized by infiltration of fibroblasts; collagen deposits in alveolar septa:
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) Clinical Signs: Most common signs: cough, tachypnea, exercise intolerance or overt respiratory distress (dyspnea) Inspiratory crackles are a hallmark finding!
What breed is predisposed to developing eosinophilic bronchopneumonopathy (EBP)?
Siberian Husky
What drugs are indicated for treatment of Oslerus osleri?
Ivermectin and Fenbendazole Note: The inflammatory response is greatest to dead and dying worms; thus, signs may initially worsen after treatment
With nasal cavity disease, would you expect to see respiratory difficulty on inspiration or expiration?
inspiration
How do you diagnose cryptococcosis in cats?
LCAT Latex cryptococcal antigen test (LCAT) detects capsular antigens in serum, CSF, or urine Cryptococcosis is the most common cause of fungal rhinitis in cats!
Chronic bronchitis in dogs is best diagnosed by:
clinical signs must rule out all other causes of chronic cough in dogs
T/F: When dragonflies mate, their tails form the shape of a heart
True
This highly contagious illness often develops in dogs that are boarded or housed in crowded, unsanitary conditions:
canine infectious tracheobronchitis Infectious agents include viruses (canine adenovirus 2 and canine parainfluenza) and bacteria (e.g. Bordetella, Mycoplasma)
These abnormal lung sounds sound like the distant popping of bubble‐wrap or the sound of Rice Krispies cereal and can be described as fine, medium or coarse
Crackles Crackles are caused by the snapping open of airways that have closed due to fluid either in or around them. They can be heard with bronchitis, pneumonia, or fibrosis, and occasionally with severe pulmonary edema
T/F: Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) on the noses of cats are best treated with chemotherapy
False
T/F: Nasal neoplasia can result in exophthalmia, facial distortion, and sneezing
True
A 3-year-old mixed breed dog is presented because it started to paw at the right side of its face last evening. It also sneezes and has a slight amount of blood in the right nostril. Previous history was unremarkable as was the rest of the physical examination. Your first rule out or most likely possibility is:
nasal foreign body
What are the two distinct syndromes associated with feline calicivirus?
Limping kitten syndrome (lameness, ulcers on paw, sore joints) Virulent hemorrhagic systemic syndrome (mutation of virus)
What type of dog is most commonly affected by aspergillosis?
dolichocephalic breeds dolichocephalic = long skull (greyhounds, for example) Usually young adults increased incidence in golden retrievers and collies too
What do you expect to see on bronchoscopy in a dog infected with Oslerus osleri?
cream-colored nodules in the trachea May also see larvae at edge of nodule
The most common cause of pneumothorax in dogs is:
Trauma
What is the most common nasal fungal disease in cats?
Cryptococcosis
A 3-year-old cat is examined because it can’t breathe and has been coughing for about 6 hours. This happened 2 months ago too, at which time the hemogram showed 4500 eosinophils (n=300-1200). Which of the following is the least likely possibility? Toxoplasmosis Feline asthma Feline idiopathic bronchitis Bacterial pneumonia Heartworm disease
Bacterial pneumonia
Upper respiratory or lower respiratory sign? increased efforts on expiration
lower respiratory
What is the treatment of choice for mycotic pneumonia?
Itraconazole or Fluconazole Side effects: increases hepatic enzymes esp. ALT; may cause vasculitis manifested by ulcerative skin lesions or limb edema
What are the 2 forms of canine influenza? Which is the most common?
Mild/Uncomplicated (more common) and Severe/complicated Mild form is the most common one seen! Can be asymptomatic Soft moist cough persisting for 10‐30 days May have secondary bacterial infection: nasal discharge Looks just like mild case of “kennel cough” Severe form High fevers (104˚‐106˚ F) Hemorrhagic pneumonia: hemoptysis (coughing up blood), dyspnea, tachypnea Rapid onset; some cases die within hours of presentation: mortality of 5‐8%.
What is the hallmark sign of Chlamydophila felis in the cat?
conjunctivitis with chemosis
T/F: Nasal aspergillus does not respond to systemic antifungal therapy
False Systemic antibiotics are indicated if infection outside nasal cavity or if cribiform plate has been breached Itraconazole 5 mg/kg BID x minimum 2‐3 months results in 60‐70 % cure rate Fluconazole 2.5‐5.0 mg/kg/day x minimum 2‐3 months
What is the most common sign associated with tracheobronchial disease?
cough may or may not be productive
T/F: Bacterial rhinitis is very commonly a primary disease process in dogs
False It’s just not. Consider it always secondary.
This virus establishes lifelong latency in the trigeminal ganglia:
(why sterlings neck hurts)
Feline Herpesvirus
A dog presents with unilateral nasal discharge along with depigmentation and ulceration. What is themes likely diagnosis?
Aspergillosis
A kitten presents lame on one limb with edema to the joints; and another kitten in the litter presented with ulcers on the mouth. What is the most likely cause?
calicivirus
Death associated with nasal neoplasia is usually due to:
airway obstruction death is usually due to local invasion resulting in airway obstruction
T/F: It is common for nasal neoplasia to metastasize to the lymph nodes and lungs
False Metastasis to local lymph nodes is relatively common. Metastasis to lungs is RARE
T/F: In general, you want to avoid cough suppressants if a dog has a moist, productive cough
Yep. Cough suppressants are used cautiously because cough is an important mechanism for clearing airway secretions. In some dogs, however, the cough is incessant and exhausting, or ineffective, because of marked tracheobronchomalacia and airway collapse. Cough suppressants can provide significant relief for such animals and may even facilitate ventilation and decrease anxiety.
T/F: Bronchial pattern is typically seen on thoracic radiographs in the case of feline asthma
True
Which of the following statements about feline bronchial disease is INCORRECT??
a. Main signs are slowly progressive coughing and or respiratory distress
b. radiographic changes are not always present, especially early in the disease
c. When radiographic changes are present, an interstitial pattern (donuts and railway tracks) is usually seen
d. A bronchodilator, especially theophylline, is most widely used as the primary treatment.
e. metered dose inhalers may be used if cats are cooperative
d. A bronchodilator, especially theophylline, is most widely used as the primary treatment.
Feline bronchial disease is best diagnosed by?
a. Characteristic signalment and clinical signs
b. Ultrasound exam
c. Radiography and bronchoalveolar lavage
d. Characteristic changes in the hemogram and biochemical tests
e. Serology
c. Radiography and bronchoalveolar lavage
The type of pleural effusion present in a dog is best diagnosed by which one of the following?
a. Careful auscultation
b. Radiographs
c. Ultrasound
d. Pleurocentesis and cytology
e. A full blood count, biochemisty screen and urine analysis
d. Pleurocentesis and cytology
Which of the following statements about kennel cough/ infectious tracheobronchitis in dogs is INCORRECT?
a. It often occurs as outbreaks in animal shelters
b. Canine parainfluenza virus I, Bordetella bronchiseptica and canine adenovirus 2 may be involved
c. It often presents as a sudden onset of paroxysmal coughing which persists for several days
d. Clinical signs resolve rapidly with antibiotic therapy
e. There are intranasal vaccines available which offer better protection than parenteral vaccines
d. Clinical signs resolve rapidly with antibiotic therapy
Which of the following cause canine epistaxis in the dog?
a. Coagulopathies
b. Hypertension
c. Neoplasia
d. Infections
e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Which of the following is the mainstay of treatment in chronic bronchitis?
a. An antibiotic
b. Prednisolone
c. Furosemide
d. Bronchodilator
e. Cough suppressant
B. Prednisolone.
Which of the following statements about the control of feline respiratory infections in boarding catteries is INCORRECT?
a. Stress should be minimized to prevent carries of feline herpes from shedding the virus
b. Cats…?
c. Intranasal provide better protection than parenteral vaccines
d. Cats from different households can be kept together in pens as long as they are of similar age
e. Isolation facilities should be available for cats that show upper respiratory signs while boarding
d. Cats from different households can be kept together in pens as long as they are of similar age
Which of the following statements about acute rhinitis in cats is incorrect?
a. Feline herpes virus infections are often associated with upper respiratory tract signs and corneal lesions
b. Feline calicivirus infections are often associated with upper respiratory signs and oral lesions
c. Chlamydia is usually associated with ?
d. Bordetella ?
e. Vaccines are very effective at preventing infections with above organisms
e. Vaccines are very effective at preventing infections with above organisms
Which of the following are paraneoplastic syndromes?
a. Monoclonal gammopathy
b. Cachexia
c. Anemia
d. Thrombocytopenia
e. All of the above
e. all of the above
Which of the following statements about chronic bronchitis is incorrect
a. It is most common in older, small breed dogs
b. There is usually increased expiratory effort and a chronic cough
c. Concurrent chronic valve disease often exacerbates the coughing due to chronic bronchitis
d. Prednisolone is the mainstay of therapy
e. The disease is usually self-limiting and dogs recover within a year after initial signs
e. The disease is usually self-limiting and dogs recover within a year after initial signs
Which of the following statements about cats with feline bronchitis is incorrect?
a. The main clinical signs are coughing and/or respiratory distress which are slowly progressive
b. Concurrent weight loss, lethargy, depression and anorexia are common
c. Clinical signs may preceed radiographic changes which are usually an interstitial pattern with patchy alveolar infiltrates
d. Response to prednisolone treatment is usually very good
e. Inhaled glucocorticoids or bronchodilators may be used if animals are cooperative
b. Concurrent weight loss, lethargy, depression and anorexia are common
Chronic bronchitis is dogs is best diagnosed by
a. Ultrasound examination
b. Radiography
c. Characteristic` changes in the results of routine laboratory tests
d. Characteristic clinical signs
e. Scintilligraphy
d. Characteristic clinical signs
You would expect to hear crackles with which of the following diseases?
a. diaphragmatic hernia
b. pulmonary edema
c. pneumothorax
d. nasopharyngeal polyp
e. chylothorax
b. pulmonary edema
Which of the following cause canine epistaxis in the dog?
a. Coagulopathies
b. Hypertension
c. Neoplasia
d. Infections
e. All of the above
e. All of the above.
