Infectious dz Flashcards
Clostridium botulinum grows best under what kind of condition?
Anaerobic conditions with warmth (15-45 degrees C)
Where is Clostridium botulinum found?
In the wounds, food, fly maggots, the source is rarely found.
T/F Boulinal toxins cause UMB disease?
FALSE MOTHER FUCKER
LMN disease/paralysis
- Prevent presynaptic release of Ach at the NMJ
What are some clinical signs of Clostridium botulinum?
- Weakness and flaccid paralysis
- Autonomic dysfunciton
- Progressive, symmetrical ascending paralysis
- Mydriasis, decreased gag reflex, excess salivation, diminished palpebral reflexes and weak vocalization
- Heart rate variable, and constipation and urinary retention can occur/
What is the incubation period for Clostridium Botulinum?
hour to six days
Where can the toxin be found for diagnosis?
In serum, feces, vomitus or stomach content.
How is the mouse inoculation test performed to test for Clostridium botulinum?
Sample is injected in peritoneal space of mouse, mice are observed for signs of botulism. highly sensitive but requires the death of lab animals… Who cares fuck em!
What is the treatment of Clostridium botulinum?
Supportive care
Antibacterial- metro or penicillins
Prevention- heat food to 80 degrees C for 30 min or 100 degrees C for 10 mins
Prevention- Vax against type A, B,C,D,E ( cattle, slaughter- house workers and military personnel)
Why does the anti toxin not useful for treatment of Clostridium Botulinum?
Because it doesnt contain the specific type C antitoxin.
NO FUCKING TYPE C ANTITOXIN!!!
Is Clostridium Tetani a spore producing bacterium?
YES- gram positive motile, anaerobic, spore producing bacterium.
What is tetanus caused by?
a neurotoxin found in C. tetani
What are the 2 neurotoxins in C. tetani?
Tetanoleptin- cause hemolysis of erythrocytes ( not Imp)
Tetanospasmin- cause neurological dysfunction (inhibits the motor neurons)
once the toxin of C. Tetani enters the body where does it go?
Migrates up the motor nerves and can enter the spinal cord and ascend into the brain. It also effects cranial nerves
What does C. tetani toxin inhibit?
The release of glycol and Y -aminobutyric acid ( these are inhibitory Neurotransmitters)
What are some clinical findings of C. Tetani?
Ear drawn back Sardonic grin Trismus (lock jaw) salivation Dysphagia Gait- ambulatory but rigid Progresses to opisthotonus, convulsions and respiratory comprimise and death
what is the diagnosis of C. Tetani?
Clinical signs Leukocytosis and LS neutrophilia Tachyarrhythmia/bradycardia megaesophagus on Thoracic x-rays Isolation of bacterium from wound- this shit is difficult
How do you treat C. Tetani?
The toxin wears off over 3-4 weeks Supportive care for a long time Antitoxin (IM) Antibiotics- decrease toxin formation (metro, pen-G, Tetracyclin sedatives- to control seuzures Muscle relaxants (Methocarbamol) Autonomic agents (atropine)
What is the transmission of Mycoplasma Haemocanis?
Through the brown tick- Rhipicephalus sanguines
This shit aint important in the dog (splenectomy required before Clinical signs develop)
What is the diagnosis of Mycoplasma Haemocanis?
PCT or organism on blood smear
What is the treatment of M. Haemocanis?
Doxycylcine
How is canine bartonellosis transmitted?
Epidemiology poorly understood- likely get it from dog bites, fleas and cat scratches
How do you diagnose C. bartonellosis?
Serology (FA testing is only 50% sensitive) can have cross reactions with Rickettsial spp. Bacterial isolation (PCR bartonella pre-enrichment culture)
What is the treatment of C. bartonellosis?
Doxycylcine, enrofloxacin, azithromycin, or rifamipin
I DIDNT DO DOSAGES OR LENGTHS LOOK IT UP IF YOU WANT!
What is the pathophysiology of most Rickettsial diseases?
- Rickettsiae enter the blood, replicate in the endothelial cells →result in vascular damage and increase vascular permeability and leakage of fluid/ erythrocytes into the extravascular space
- Vasculitis leads to ↓ platelets (petechiae) and ↓ albumin (peripheral edema)
- Some organisms cause vasculitis and clinical signs more so than other organisms
- Clinically – petechiation, bleeding (externally and internally), lameness, clinical signs from many systems
What are some common findings- RMSF/ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis?
- History of ticks/ inadequate tick control
- Even if you cannot find a tick – think about rickettsial diseases and treat
- Systemic signs – many organs can be affected
- Petechiation/ bleeding, gastrointestinal signs, CNS signs, lameness, dyspnea, liver and renal disease
What is the Diagnosis of Rickettsial diseases?
- Blood smear/ cytology – lucky to find the organism
- Serology
- PCR – widely available nowadays
What is the minimum database of Rickettsial diseases?
• Haematology
• Thrombocytopenia
• Neutropenia, lymphocytosis
• Anemia
o Regenerative (blood loss/ immune mediated destruction)
o Non-regenerative (organism can live in bone marrow – causing a pancytopenia)
• Biochemistry
• Hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia (very common)
• Urine
• Proteinuria
cardiac signs of Rickettsial diseases?
AV blocks, tachycardia, arrhytmias
CNS signs of Rickettsial diseases?
vestibular and cerebellar signs, coma, paralysis
What are ocular signs of Rickettsial diseases?
Hemorrhage
What are Renal signs of Rickettsial diseases?
Azotemia (glomerulonephritis)
What are some pulmonary signs of Rickettsial diseases?
Edema ( non- cardiogenic)
What are some Gastrointestinal signs of Rickettsial diseases?
Vomiting and diarrhea, melana
What are some integument signs of Rickettsial diseases?
Petechial bleed
Chronic disease of rickettsial disease is mainly due to __________?
E. Canis
What is the end results of exposure to E. canis?
- The body eliminates them
- You treat and eliminate them
- Body cannot eliminate them or treatment doesn’t eliminate them
- Leads to the chronic phase, signs can be absent, mild or severe (bone marrow involvement/ pancytopenia)
What is the treatment of Rickettsial diseases?
Doxycycline- even if suspected treat ( serology will confirm or exclude then stop therapy)
Imidocarb diproprioante
What is prevention of Rickettsial diseases?
Tick control (long term, collars, ensure blood donors are sero- neg)
What are some Rickettsial diseases with Zoonotic risk?
E. chaffeenissi
E. Eqingii
A. phagocytophilum
What causes Salmon poisoning?
Neorickettsia helminthoeca
Eat fish with fluke in WA, OR, CA
What are some signs of Salmon poisoning?
Fever, serous to purulent ocular discharge with associated periorbital edema, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly
What is the Dx of Salmon poisoning?
Fecal- fluke eggs, FNA of lymph nodes (Rickettsial inclusions)
What is the treatment of Salmon poisoning?
Supportive care and tetracycline/doxycycline
like the clap- nothing a lil doxy won’t fix
True or False?
Canine distemper virus is a morbillivirus?
True- Morbillivirus of the paramyxoviridae
Canine distemper is an RNA virus, why is that important?
It makes it easy for us to be able to disinfect it, it is easily spread in kennel env.
What is the Pathogenesis of canine distemper?
• Spread through water droplets →upper respiratory tract epithelium→ multiples in tissue macrophages > spreads to local lymphatics in tonsils and bronchial LNs.
what accounts for pyrexia in lymphopenia in Canine distemper?
The widespread rise in viral proliferation (d3-6 PI) ( both T and B cells)
What are the main sgns of canine distemper?
Diarrhea, Resp (bronchopneumonia), skin lesions ( hard pad dz)
Other signs:
-Listlessness
-Decreased appetite, fever
-Bilateral oculonasal discharge
-Biphasic pyrexia
-Neurological signs- meniingeal inflammation, paraparesis, tetra paresis, myoclonus
What is the prognosis of canine distemper?
Poor prognosis
Jaw chatter and drooling is very common
How do you diagnose canine distemper
Peripheral blood smear (intracytoplasmic inclusions in RBCs)
Radiology- interstitial pattern
MRI- abnorm pattern of brain
CSF tap
How can you differentiate if theres distemper in the brain or contamination of blood?
When checking antigen IgG levels- is it from blood or distemper. you can check antigen IgG levels. Titer levels for parvo virus- if its positive it shouldn’t be in brain so we can say its from blood
what is the gold standard for diagnosis of Distemper?
Neutralizing antibodies- gold standard- to check immunity (lok at IgG levels), indirect FA testing titers are comparable to NA test
What is the treatment of canine distemper?
Supportive care (antibiotic and steroids {ddx})
STRICT ISOLATIONWhat is prevention of canine distemper?
Vaccination
vector vaccine is the best one but modified live vaccines is the most commonly used
What age of animals do you usually see canine distemper in?
3-6 month old unvaccinated puppy- not usually seen in older dogs- happens at 12 weeks bc of maternal antibodies are leaving which makes them predisposed to developing this.
How can you have vaccine failure for canine distemper (or any vaccine)
Not properly controlling fax temperature (don’t chunk that shit in front of truck)
Materanal antibodies- thats why we start around 6 weeks of age and we do it frequently to make sure antibodies from mother are gone
Is canine adenovirus type 1 resistant to environmental inactivation?
YES- HIGHLY RESISTANT- steam cleaning is effective
Iodine, phenol and sodium hydroxide
By day 10-14 after infection is found in all tissues where is the virus only found at?
ay 10-14 PI virus is only found in the kidneys and excreted in the urine for at least 6-9 months
What is the pathogenesis of CAV-1?
Oronasal exposure–> multiplication in tonsils–> regional lymphnodes–> lymphatics–> blood ( through thoracic duct)
What are some clinical signs of CAV-1?
Dogs
How do you diagnose CAV-1?
CBC- (leukopenia, lymphopenia, and neutropenia, thrombocytopenia)
Biochemistry- globulinaemia day 7-21 increased alt, last, alp,
urinalysis- PROTEINURIA
Abdominal paracentesis- yellow to hemorrhagic fluid
Serology
CSF
Pathology
What type of cells do canine parvovirus require for replication?
Rapidly dividing cells
What dogs are predisposed to canine parvovirus ?
6 weeks to 6 months
rotties, dobies, labs, american staffordhire terrieres, German shep, alaskan sled dogs
What is the incubation period for canine distemper?
1-5 days
What are clinical signs of Canine parvovirus?
vomiting diarrhea, severe leukopenia, thrombosis, bacteruria
How do you diagnose Canine parvo virus?
Clinical signs
Leukopenia, organism detection (fecal elisa antigen test)
What is the treatment for canine parvovirus?
Fluids, antiemetic agents, food, antimicrobials, gastric protectants,
How long is the virus shed?
For a short period of time ( 4- 5days)
it does persist in the environment for a long time >5 months
most detergents and disinfectants do not inactivate CPV, 1 part bleach and 30 arts water- leave on surface for 10 minutes
Is CPV resistant to heat?
Yes resistant to heat at 70*C for 30 min, can steam clean
Is diarrhea found in dogs with Canine corona virus?
Found in dogs with or without diarrhea
What is the incubation period of canine corona virus?
1-4 days
What are some clinical signs of canine corona virus?
Enteric- subclinical to mild diarrhea, feces- orange, malodorous, loss of appetite and lethargy
Pantropic- lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, hemorrhagic diarrhea, leukopenia, neurological signs , respiratory difficulty.
What is the diagnosis of Canine corona virus?
EM of fresh feces, fecal PCR, serum VN and elisa for CCOV antibodies ( can only confirm exposure)
What is the pathology of canine corona virus?
- Very subtle changes, atrophy and fusion of intestinal villi and deepening of the crypts
- Pantropic – hemorrhagic diarrhea, serosanginous abdominal effusion, bilateral multifocal pulmonary consolidation, renal infarction, splenic and mesenteric LN enlargement, fibropurulent bronchopneumonia. Immunochemical stains can detect the virus within macrophages.
What is the treatment of Canine Corona virus?
Supportive care, death is very UNCOMMON, unlikely to be a public risk, but corona virus are not strictly host specific so be fucking careful bitch.
What is the prevention of Canine corona virus?
MLV- two doses 3-4 weeks apart, annual revaccination
Canine rotavirus affects who?
Pups younger than 12 weeks
What are some clinical signs of canine rotavirus?
Mild diarrhea
What is the diagnosis of canine rotavirus?
Fecal elisa
What does it mean when we say canine herpesvirus is cytocidal?
Causing tissue necrosis and localized mucosal or generalized infections in young or immunocompromised animals.
its those bumps on ur cock, but don’t worry its not stable in the environment so you can’t get it from toilet seats!
What is the pathogenesis of canine herpes?
fucking whores jk!
• Pups gets infected in utero, from passage through birth canal and contact with litter mates, from oronasal secretions from dam or through fomites (rare)
• If animal 2 weeks →mild or inapparant infection
• Viral replication in the older animal is restricted to the nasopharynx, genital tract, tonsils, retropharyngeal lymph nodes, bronchial lymph nodes, conjunctival tissue and occasionally the lungs
• In utero infections – depends on which stage of gestation, can result in abortions/ still births
• Systemic infection – multifocal hemorrhagic necrosis (adrenal glands, kidneys, lungs, spleen and liver), DIC and thrombocytopenia
what are the clinical signs of the hep in neonates?
Acute death, dull, weight loss, lose interest in feeding, soft shit, rhinitis- serous to mucopurulent, petechial hemorrhage on mucus membranes
What is the clinical signs in older pups and adults?
Mild or inapparent upper respiratory infection, genital infections, vesical lesions
How do you diagnose the canine her?
Viral isolation, serology, PCR (MOST RELIABLE)
How is transmission of rabies occur?
BITE from infected animal, rabies is carried in saliva
What is the pathogenesis of rabies?
- Virus enters peripheral nerve and ascends through the sensory or motor fibre.
- CNS signs develop n average 3 – 8 weeks post infection
- Once in the CNS it spread through intra-axonal means
- Cell necrosis occurs, and affects the forebrain, brainstem and spinal cord
- Severe damage to the motor neurons – ascending flaccid paralysis
- Then the virus spread back out of the CSN through the nerves – to the salivary glands
What are the clinical signs of canine rabies?
- Prodromal phase (2-3 days)
- Apprehension, nervousness, anxiety, solitude, variable fever
- Fractious animals become very affectionate
- Furious/ psychotic type (1-7 days)
- Increase response, bite at objects, photophobic, hyperesthetic
- Restless and roam
- Paralytic/ dump type (1-10 days)
- Cranial nerve paralysis, hypersalivation, inability to swallow
- Paraparesis, incoordination, terminating in coma and death
- Cat sometimes get the paralytic form straight after the prodromal phase
What is the diagnosis of Rabies?
CDC, detection of virus in dermal tissues (FA testing, testing saliva)
Serology- used to document rabies immunization,
Pathology
PCR
What is the treatment of rabies?
THERE AINT ANY, that nigga is fucked!
lets go back to some epi shit… what do you do if animal is exposed and
Unvaccinated?
Vaccinated but not current?
Vaccinated and current?
Unvax- kill
Vax and not current- evaluate case by case
Vax and current- relax immediately and monitor closely for 45 days
What the fuck is Pseudorabies?
PORCINE HERPES VIRUS -1
• DNA virus
• Also known as Aujesky’s disease, mad itch and infectious bulbar paralysis
• Been reported in Poland, Italy, Austria, Germany, Portugal and Bulgaria and USA
• Spread in contaminated PORK products
• Ingested and incubation 3 to 6 days
• Ascends the nerves
What is the diagnosis of Pseudorabies?
CSF- increased proteins
Pathology- FA testing for antigen on various tissues ( brain tonsils)
PCR
How do you prevent pseudorabies?
KEEP away from raw pork, vax in endemic areas.
Which of the following viruses is associated with cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens?
a. ) feline calcivirus
b. feline herpes virus
c. Feline panleucopenia
d. feline infectious peritonitis
e. feline coronavirus
Feline panleucopenia
Which of the following is not part of the core vaccine in cats?
a. ) feline leukemia virus
b. ) feline panleucopenia
c. ) feline calcivirus
d. ) feline herpes 1
e. ) rabies
feline leukemia virus
which o the following is a zoonosis?
a. ) mycoplasma hamofelis
b. ) FIV
c. ) bartonella henselae
d. ) feline herpes virus -1
e. ) feline panleucopenia
c. bartonella henselae
Cats that remain persistently viremic develop FeLV related disease and most die with in?
a. ) 12 months
b. ) 3 years
c. ) 6 years
d. ) 6 months
b. 3yrs
In an infected cat where is FeLV commonly shed from?
a. ) feces
b. saliva
c. urine
d. resp secretions
e. ocular secretions
b. saliva
Specificity is measure of a tests ability to?
Identify healthy animal correctly
What does the FeLV ELISA test check for?
a. ) neutralize antibody
b. ) free soluble FeLV p27 antigen
c. )intracellular viral antigen
d. ) proviral DNA
e. ) maternall derived antibodies
Free soluble FeLV p27 antigen
At what age can you test a kitten for FeLV and not worry about maternal antibodies?
at any age
Are cats infectious during the transient viremia stage?
a. Yes
b. )No
c. ) who the fuck knows
d. ) who the fuck cares
Yes
if you chose C or D you need to kill yourself now because you are a cock sucking idiot.
What does FIV ELISA test for?
Antigen
Is it ok to use FIV + cat as a blood donor?
NO
Is FIV fax considered a core vaccine?
NO
How long after infection will an Elisa test pick up FeLV in the feces
1-2 days
which of the following is a recommended core vax for cats?
a. chlamydophila felis
b. feline panleukopenia
c. FeLV
d. Feline infectious peritonitis
B
What is the average length of treatment for sporotrichosis in the cat?
a. 2 weeks
b. 30 days
c. 5 months
d. 4 weeks
e. 5 days
c 5 months
Which fungal disease can occur through wound contamination in the cat?
a. sporotrichosis
b. histoplasmosis
c. Cryptococcosis
d. blastomycosis
a) sporotrichosis
What is the most common cause of ascites and fever in young cats?
FIP
How is FCoV commonly transmitted?
a. feces
b. bites
c. Saliva
d. urine
SHIT
Why is the protein of the effusion in wet FIP so high
a. high cell content
b. high fibrin content
c. increased level of gamma globulin
d. high triglyceride content
c increased level of gamma globulin
How is FIP transmitted from cat to cat? a indirect contact with shit/fomites b. fleas c. vertically d.its not transmitted directly from cat to cat e. cat bites
IT AINT TRANSMITTED DIRECTLY FROM CAT TO CAT
HOW LONG DOES FHV SURVIVE IN THE ENV?
a. hours (18 in damp envy, less in dry)
b. 2-5 days
c. 30 mins
d. 6 weeks
hours (18 in damp , less in dry)
how long is calcivirus shed Post replication?
30 days
How is C- felis most likely transmitted to neonatal kittens?
a. genital mucosa
b. through milk
c. grooming
d. in utero
A. genital mucosa
Cat with +ve fluorescein stain.. corneal ulcer. the most likely cause is…
a. FHV-1
b. FCV
c. Chlamydiphilia
d. Bordetlla
e. FIP
FHV-1
what is the main vector for B. hensale?
Flea
Bartonella infections are more aggressive in cats that are carrying FIV or FeLV? True or false?
True
Which of the following can cause hemolytic anemia in the cat?
a. Bartonella henslae
b. toxoplasma gondii
c. FeLV
d. Mycoplasma hmofelis
e. Borrelia
d. Mycoplasma hemofelis
Which physical exam findings would you expect to see in a cat with mycoplasma homophiles?
a. pallor
b. depression
c. Splenomegaly
d. icterus
e. none
f. all of the above
ALL THE ABOVE MOFO!
How is M. homophiles transmitted?
blood
How does anemia occur in M. emofelis?
extravascular erythrophagocytosis in spleen
In which species is the intraepithelial cycle of toxoplasma found
a. mice
b. pigs
c. dogs
d. cats
e. humans
PUSSY
How soon after erection in feces of an infected cat can an toxoplasma oocyst sporulate?
1-5 days
what is the prepatent period of C. felis?
a. 2-3 days
b. 2-3 weeks
c. 2 months
d. 6 months
2-3 weeks
Which infectious disease in dogs present with diarrhea?
a. parvo
b. blastomycosis
c. lepto
d. rabies
PARVO
How is ehrlichia canis transmitted?
Tick bite
is lepto a zoonosis?
YES
What are the two forms Giardia Duodenalis occur in?
Trophozoite, cyst form
What is the prepotent period of Giardia duodenal for cats?
For dogs?
Cats- 5-16 days
dogs 4-12 days
What are clinical signs of guard?
Diarrhea, maldigestion-malabsorption
What is the diagnosis of Giardia?
Fecal microscopy
Fecal concentration- ID CYSTS
Fecal ELISA test- antigen in shit
PCR
How is Cryptosporidium spread?
Fecal oral
Imma shit in yo mouth
What are clinical signs of Cryptosporidium?
Small bowel diarrhea and wt loss
Chronic cases- tenses, hematochezia, abdominal discomfort
how do you diagnose crypto?
Fecal microscope exam, concentration techniques, cytological and hist staining
fecal elisa
PCR
intestinal biopsies
Is neospora caninum a naturally occuring infection in dogs?
YES mostly affects young pups
Who is the reservoir host of Leishmania?
Dogs are reservoir hosts for humans/dogs
How is Leishmania spread?
In utero transmission
Fleas have been proposed - but evidence lacking
How do you diagnose Leishmania?
Tissue aspirate
PCR
Serology
After initial infection CAV-1 can be isolated from urine for at least?
a. 1 month
b. 6 weeks
c. 3 months
d. 6 months
6 months
How is rabies transmitted and where does it replicate?
animal bite, myocyte
How soon after showing signs of rabies will a dog or cat die?
a. 3 months
b. 1-3 days
c. 4-10 days
d. 1 month
4-10 days
What is the vector for heptagon americium?
Sand fly
Giardia is contracted via ingestion of?
Oocyst in feces
Giardia vax prevents infection? True or False?
FALSE MOFO!
what tick transmits E. canis?
Rhicephalus
What are key characteristics of E. Canis?
a. Gram neg blood born extracellular organism
b. Gram neg obligat intracellular org.
c. Gram positive facultative intracellular org
d. Gram positive blood borne extracellular org
b. gram neg obligate intracellular org.
How is leishmania transmitted?
Sandfly
how is ehrlichia maintained in the tick?
Transtadial transmission
Adult tick transmit 155 days after becoming infected
Ticks can over winter the org.
What organism is transmitted by Amblyoma maculate?
a. hepatazoon americanum
b. Erhlichia canis
c. Babesia canis
d. Borrelia burdorferi
Hepatazoon americanum
Where does an infected dog commonly shed leptospira?
in urine
How long is CPiV transmitted for post infection?
7-8 days
Which 2 fungal organisms are typically systemic?
blastomycosis and histoplasmosis
Which of the following primarily targets the SQ tissue?
a. Blastomycosis
b. histoplasmosis
c. Cryptococcus
d. Sporotrichosis
d. Sporotrichosis
Which one of the following primarily targets the nasal cavity in dogs?
a. blastomycosis
b. histoplasmosis
c. aspergillosis
d. sporotrichosis
aspergillosis
