respiratory (placement)

Question 1

what is ischemia

Answer 1

an insufficient supply of blood to an organ (usually due to
a blocked artery).

Question 2

what is hypoxia

Answer 2

a deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching body
tissues

Question 3

what are the 3 sections of the pleura

Answer 3

visceral pleura, parietal pleura, pleural cavity

Question 4

what are the 4 stages of respiration

Answer 4

ventilation, external respiration, gas transport, internal inspiration

Question 5

stages of inspiration

Answer 5

*external intercostal muscles contract
*ribs + sternum move up and out- expanding thoracic cavity
*diaphragm contracts and flattens- expanding thoracic cavity
*lungs pull outwards to expand with thoracic cavity- surface tension of pleura
*when the volume of the thoracic cavity increases so does the volume of the lungs- pressure in the lungs decrease (Boyles law)

Question 6

stages of expiration

Answer 6

*external intercostal muscles relax
*ribs and sternum move down and in
*diaphragm relaxes into a dome shape
*thoracic cavity reduces therefore lungs reduce in size
*when the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases the volume of the lungs are also decreased- pressure inside the lungs is increased (Boyles law)

Question 7

what are the pores in collateral ventilation

Answer 7

-Pores of Kohn- alveoli>alveoli
-Channels of Lambert- bronchiole>alveoli
-Channels of Martin- bronchiole>bronchiole

Question 8

Tidal volume (TV)

Answer 8

Amount air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

Question 9

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 9

amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

Question 10

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 10

amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume

Question 11

residual volume (RV)

Answer 11

amount of air remaining in lungs after forced expiration. Helps keep the lungs from collapsing

Question 12

Total lung capacity (TLC)

Answer 12

maximum amount of air contained in the lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort: TLC=TV+IRV+ERV+RV

Question 13

vital capacity (VC)

Answer 13

maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort: VC=TV+IRV+ERV (approx. 80% TLC)

Question 14

inspired capacity (IC)

Answer 14

maximum amount of air that can be inspired after normal expiration: IC=TV+IRV

Question 15

functional residual capacity (FRC)

Answer 15

volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration: FRC=ERV+RV

Question 16

ventilation (V)

Answer 16

the supply of air to the lungs

Question 17

perfusion (Q)

Answer 17

The passage of fluid through the circulatory system (blood stream)

Question 18

what structures are in the conducting zone

Answer 18

• Nasal cavity
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Terminal bronchioles

Question 19

what structures are in the respiratory zone

Answer 19

• Respiratory bronchioles
• Alveoli

Question 20

what is the pharynx

Answer 20

Pharynx connects the nasal cavity and the oral cavity superiorly, connecting them with the larynx and oesophagus inferiorly

Question 21

pharynx functions

Answer 21

• A passage of air
• A passage of food
• Provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds
• Houses the tonsils, which participate in immunological reactions against foreign invaders.

Question 22

what is the larynx

Answer 22

The larynx, also known
as the ‘voice box’ in a
short passageway that
connects the pharynx
and the trachea

Question 23

larynx functions

Answer 23

• Air passage way
• Prevents food from
  entering LRT – epiglottis
• Houses vocal folds /
  true vocal cords.

Question 24

what is the trachea

Answer 24

• Extends from the larynx to the main bronchi
• Composed of smooth muscle and C-shaped rings
  of cartilage and is lined with pseudostratisfied ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 25

what is intrapulmonary pressure (intra-
alveolar)

Answer 25

pressure in the
alveoli

Question 26

what is intrapleural pressure

Answer 26

pressure inside the pleural cavity

Question 27

what positioning is needed for respiratory treatment

Answer 27

• Positioning for V/Q is the first line of treatment or most respiratory conditions
• Consider the patients position in relation to perfusion (gravity) and ventilation
• Remember to aim to put the best ventilation and perfusion together as far as
  possible.
• Postural drainage is also used – primarily using the idea of gravity and
  anatomy of the bronchial tree, lobes, lung segments etc
• Another primary/key treatment that we will use as Physiotherapists is to get
  people sat up and out of bed or mobilisin