respiratory (placement) Flashcards
what is ischemia
an insufficient supply of blood to an organ (usually due to
a blocked artery).
what is hypoxia
a deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching body
tissues
what are the 3 sections of the pleura
visceral pleura, parietal pleura, pleural cavity
what are the 4 stages of respiration
ventilation, external respiration, gas transport, internal inspiration
stages of inspiration
*external intercostal muscles contract
*ribs + sternum move up and out- expanding thoracic cavity
*diaphragm contracts and flattens- expanding thoracic cavity
*lungs pull outwards to expand with thoracic cavity- surface tension of pleura
*when the volume of the thoracic cavity increases so does the volume of the lungs- pressure in the lungs decrease (Boyles law)
stages of expiration
*external intercostal muscles relax
*ribs and sternum move down and in
*diaphragm relaxes into a dome shape
*thoracic cavity reduces therefore lungs reduce in size
*when the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases the volume of the lungs are also decreased- pressure inside the lungs is increased (Boyles law)
what are the pores in collateral ventilation
-Pores of Kohn- alveoli>alveoli
-Channels of Lambert- bronchiole>alveoli
-Channels of Martin- bronchiole>bronchiole
Tidal volume (TV)
Amount air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume
residual volume (RV)
amount of air remaining in lungs after forced expiration. Helps keep the lungs from collapsing
Total lung capacity (TLC)
maximum amount of air contained in the lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort: TLC=TV+IRV+ERV+RV
vital capacity (VC)
maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort: VC=TV+IRV+ERV (approx. 80% TLC)
inspired capacity (IC)
maximum amount of air that can be inspired after normal expiration: IC=TV+IRV
functional residual capacity (FRC)
volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration: FRC=ERV+RV
ventilation (V)
the supply of air to the lungs
perfusion (Q)
The passage of fluid through the circulatory system (blood stream)
what structures are in the conducting zone
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
what structures are in the respiratory zone
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveoli
what is the pharynx
Pharynx connects the nasal cavity and the oral cavity superiorly, connecting them with the larynx and oesophagus inferiorly
pharynx functions
- A passage of air
- A passage of food
- Provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds
- Houses the tonsils, which participate in immunological reactions against foreign invaders.
what is the larynx
The larynx, also known
as the ‘voice box’ in a
short passageway that
connects the pharynx
and the trachea
larynx functions
- Air passage way
- Prevents food from
entering LRT – epiglottis - Houses vocal folds /
true vocal cords.
what is the trachea
- Extends from the larynx to the main bronchi
- Composed of smooth muscle and C-shaped rings
of cartilage and is lined with pseudostratisfied ciliated columnar epithelium
what is intrapulmonary pressure (intra-
alveolar)
pressure in the
alveoli
what is intrapleural pressure
pressure inside the pleural cavity
what positioning is needed for respiratory treatment
- Positioning for V/Q is the first line of treatment or most respiratory conditions
- Consider the patients position in relation to perfusion (gravity) and ventilation
- Remember to aim to put the best ventilation and perfusion together as far as
possible. - Postural drainage is also used – primarily using the idea of gravity and
anatomy of the bronchial tree, lobes, lung segments etc - Another primary/key treatment that we will use as Physiotherapists is to get
people sat up and out of bed or mobilisin
