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CP Exam 2 > Respiratory Physiology: The Respiratory Cycle > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology: The Respiratory Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Abbreviations:

Q (or Q with a dot over it)

A

Blood flow

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2
Q

Abbreviations:

V=?

A

Volume of gas

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3
Q

Abbreviations:

V with a dot over it (Vdot)=?

A

Airflow or volume per unit time

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4
Q

Abbreviations:

F=?

A

-Fractional concentration of gas (again you specify which gas)
-No units
-Example FO2=partial pressure of oxygen
(100% Oxygen = 1.0, 21% = .21)

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5
Q

Modifiers:

A=?

A
  • Alveolar gas

- Conventional use: PAO2

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6
Q

Modifiers:

a?

A
  • Arterial gas

- Conventional use: PaO2

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7
Q

Modifiers:

v?

A

venous blood

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8
Q

Modifiers:

E?

A
  • Expired gas

- Can indicate that the volume in question was measured during expiration

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9
Q

Modifiers:

I?

A
  • Inspired gas

- FIO2: Fraction of inspired oxygen

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10
Q

Muscles of Inspiration

-The diaphragm-Innervated by?

A

The phrenic nerve-C3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive

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11
Q

Muscles of Inspiration

-The diaphragm-What happens when it contracts?

A
  • When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens or moves down into the abdomen
  • As a result, the volume in the thorax is increased
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12
Q

Muscles of inspiration

-External Intercostal Muscles-Location? Which way do they run?

A
  • The External intercostal muscles are located in between the ribs
  • They slope down and forward-“Hands in pockets”
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13
Q

Muscles of inspiration

-External Intercostal Muscles-What happens when they contract?

A
  • When the external intercostal muscles contract, they raise the ribs
  • As a result, the anteroposterior diameter of the thorax is increased
    • the “bucket handle motion”
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14
Q

Muscles of inspiration

-Additional muscles that participate in inspiration under certain circumstances (e.g. exercise)

A
  • Scalene
  • Sternomastoids
  • Some muscles in head and neck
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15
Q

Muscles of inspiration

- Additional muscles that participate in inspiration under certain circumstances (e.g. exercise)
        - Scalene-function?
A

Raise 1st and 2nd ribs

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16
Q

Muscles of inspiration

- Additional muscles that participate in inspiration under certain circumstances (e.g. exercise)
        - Sternomastoids-function?
A

Raise sternum

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17
Q

Events in inspiration

-Step 1?

A
  • Contraction of the inspiratory muscles
  • Increase in thoracic volume

NOTE: Under normal conditions, the lungs and the muscles/ribs are NOT physically connected to one another

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18
Q

Events in Inspiration

-Pleurae

A
  • Parietal pleura (outer layer) and visceral pleura (inner layer) with fluid/surfactant in between
  • Fluid effectively connects the pleurae together
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19
Q

Intrapleural pressure

  • Pressure generated from?
  • How does this pressure compare to atmospheric pressure?
A
  • Because of their anatomy and physical characteristics, the lungs and the chest wall are constantly trying to pull away from each other (even at rest)
  • Intrapleural pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
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20
Q

Conventions in respiratory physiology

-Talks about units and such

A
  • Because the pressures we are dealing with are relatively small, they are measured in cm H2O (not mmHg)
  • We also normalize atmospheric pressure to 0cm H2O (so a barometric pressure of 760 mmHg = 0 cmH2O)
    • If you are in a place with a different barometric pressure, it is still 0 cmH2O
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21
Q

Value of intrapleural pressure at rest?

A

-5 cmH2O

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22
Q

Events in inspiration

-As the thorax volume increases, what happens to intrapleural pressure?

A

-As the thorax volume increases, the intrapleural pressure will DECREASE to about -8 cmH2O

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23
Q

Events in inspiration

-Because of the coupling of the lungs and chest wall?

A

The lungs will expand as the thorax expands

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24
Q

Events in inspiration

-As the lungs increase in size, what happens to alveolar pressure (pressure within the alveoli)?

A

-As the lungs increase in size, alveolar pressure DECREASES

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25
Q

How do alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure compare at rest?

A

They are both 0 cmH2O

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26
Q
  • What happens to alveolar pressure during a normal inspiration?
    • What causes this change?
A
  • During a normal inspiration, alveolar pressure will go decrease to -1 cmH2O
  • This change is caused by the increase in alveolar size
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27
Q

Which way does air flow when alveolar pressure drops below atmospheric pressure?

A

Air flows INTO the lungs (inhale) when alveolar pressure is LESS than atmospheric pressure

28
Q

The Respiratory Cycle

-Typical graph shows changes in?

A
  • A typical graph shows the change in volume, the alveolar pressure, the intrapleural pressure, and the airflow
  • By convention, inspiratory volume is down (don’t worry about why)
29
Q

The Respiratory Cycle

- As inspiration proceeds, what happens to intrapleural pressure?
   - Graphs!
A

As intrapleural pressure proceeds, intrapleural pressure will reach its lowest point at the end of inspiration (in a normal breath, about -8 cmH2O)

30
Q

The Respiratory Cycle

-As inspiration proceeds-what happens to airflow into the lungs as alveolar pressure returns back to 0 cmH2O?

A

Airflow into the lungs will DECREASE

31
Q

The Respiratory Cycle

- As inspiration proceeds-Tidal volume?
    - Tidal volume in a typical breath?
A
  • The amount of air inhaled in a given breath
  • Abbreviated VsubT
  • In a typical breath, tidal volume = 500mL
32
Q

Expiratory muscles

-3 groups?

A
  • Abdominal muscles
  • Internal intercostals
  • Accessory muscles of expiration
33
Q

Expiratory muscles

-Abdominal muscles-action?

A

Push into the abdomen to displace the diaphragm upwards

34
Q

Expiratory muscles

- Internal Intercostals
      - orientation relative to external intercostals?
       - action?
A
  • Oriented at (more or less) a right angle to the external intercostals
  • Decrease the AP diameter of the thorax
35
Q

Expiratory muscles

- Accessory muscles of expiration-IMPORTANT:
     - In a normal breath, we don't have to use these muscles because?
A
  • In a normal breath, we don’t have to use these muscles because expiration is PASSIVE
    • The lungs “want” to be smaller (like a balloon)
36
Q

Events in expiration

- As the inspiratory muscles relax, what happens to the volume of the thorax?
 - What happens to the diaphragm and rib cage?
A
  • As the inspiratory muscles relax, the volume of the thorax decreases
  • The diaphragm and rib cage return to their starting positions
37
Q

Events in Expiration

-As the volume decreases, what happens to intrapleural pressure?

A

As the volume decreases, the intrapleural pressure returns to its starting point-increases (-8)–>(-5)

38
Q

Events in Expiration
-What happens to alveolar pressure? What is this cause by? When does it reach its peak and what is the normal value for this peak?

A
  • Alveolar pressure INCREASES in expiration due to action of the rib cage
  • Reaches a peak of about +1 cmH2O at mid-expiration
39
Q

The respiratory cycle-Expiration

-There is now a pressure gradient that forces?

A

Air out of the lungs-Volume in lungs decreases

40
Q

As expiration proceeds and the volume of air in the lungs decreases, what happens to alveolar pressure?

A
  • Alveolar pressure begins to go back to 0

- Eventually, all the air that entered during inspiration is exhaled

41
Q

Be able to draw the respiratory cycle

-Include magnitude (Y axis)

42
Q

Compare and contrast intrapleural and alveolar pressures

-Intrapleural pressure at rest?

43
Q

What happens to intrapleual pressure with inspiration?

A

Intrapleural pressure becomes more negative with inspiration

44
Q

Intrapleural pressure-when does it reach its peak negative value?

A

End-inspiration

45
Q

What happens to intrapleural pressure in normal expiration?

A

Stays negative

46
Q

When does intrapleural pressure reach its peak positive value?

A

End-expiration

47
Q

Compare and contrast intrapleural and alveolar pressures

-Alveolar pressure at rest?

A

0 cmH2O at rest

48
Q

What happens to alveolar pressure with inspiration?

A

Becomes negative

49
Q

When does alveolar pressure reach its peak negative value?

A

MID-inspiration

50
Q

What happens to alveolar pressure in ANY type (normal or otherwise) of expiration?

A

Becomes positive

51
Q

When does alveolar pressure reach its peak positive value?

A

MID-expiration

52
Q

WHY?

  • Does the intrapleural pressure not return to resting value until the end of the respiratory cycle?
  • Can also approach from standpoint of alveolar pressure-Why did the alveolar pressure return to 0 at the end of each phase?
A

kw efkje s

53
Q

Ventilation

  • minute ventilation
    • definition?
    • how is it calulated?
A
  • How much air is inhaled every minute

- V(dot)=tidal volume x frequency

54
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A
  • How much air ACTUALLY gets to the alveoli

- The first 16 generations of airway don’t have any alveoli-considered anatomic dead space

55
Q

Anatomic dead space-definition?

A

Volume of air that remains in the conducting airways

56
Q

Abbreviations:

P=?

A
  • Partial pressure of a gas-you must specify which gas you are referring to
  • Units are mmHg
  • Examples-PO2, PCO2
57
Q

Anatomic dead space

A
  • Dead space-blood can’t get oxygen there

- Anatomic-were not designed to exchange oxygen

58
Q

The anatomic dead space of a patient can be estimated by knowing the patients weight
-If a patient weighs 150 lbs how much dead space do they have?

A

150 mL of dead space

59
Q

Minute Alveolar Ventilation

How is it calculated?

A

Subtracting the anatomic dead space volume from the tidal volume
Valv=tidal volume-dead space volume
V(dot)ALV= Valv x f

60
Q

Minute alveolar ventilation

-example-150 lb person who breathes in 500 mL with each breath

A

Valv=Tidal volume-dead space volume
Valv=500-150
Valv=350

61
Q

Alveolar ventilation=?

A

tidal volume - dead space volume

62
Q

Minute ventilation=?

A

Tidal volume x breathing rate

63
Q

Minute alveolar ventilation=?

A

VALV x breathing rate

64
Q

Minute alveolar ventilation

  • example-150 lb person who breathes in 500 mL with each breath–>Valv=350 mL of every breath gets to alveoli
    • Minute alveolar ventilation-Patient is breathing 12 breaths per minute V(dot)ALV=?
A

350 x 12 =4200 mL/min

65
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

VT-Vdeadspace

66
Q

Minute ventilation

67
Q

Minute alveolar ventlation

CP Exam 2 (12 decks)

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